# Tamper-evident Image using JPEG Fixed Points

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.17594 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.17594/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 2 of its 11 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 24 Apr 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [Block-level Double JPEG Compression Detection for Image Forgery Localization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.09393/) (2020)
- [Image Integrity Authentication Scheme Based On Fixed Point Theory](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1308.0679/) (2013)

## Abstract (arXiv)

An intriguing phenomenon about JPEG compression has been observed since two decades ago- after repeating JPEG compression and decompression, it leads to a stable image that does not change anymore, which is a fixed point. In this work, we prove the existence of fixed points in the essential JPEG procedures. We analyze JPEG compression and decompression processes, revealing the existence of fixed points that can be reached within a few iterations. These fixed points are diverse and preserve the image's visual quality, ensuring minimal distortion. This result is used to develop a method to create a tamper-evident image from the original authentic image, which can expose tampering operations by showing deviations from the fixed point image.