# A Machine Learning Approach for Denoising and Upsampling HRTFs

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.17586 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.17586/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 4 of its 29 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 24 Apr 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [Improved Techniques for Training GANs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1606.03498/) (2016)
- [Information Constraints on Auto-Encoding Variational Bayes](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1805.08672/) (2018)
- [HRTF upsampling with a generative adversarial network using a gnomonic equiangular projection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.05812/) (2023)
- [Implementing Continuous HRTF Measurement in Near-Field](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.08379/) (2023)

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [HRTFformer: A Spatially-Aware Transformer for Individual HRTF Upsampling in Immersive Audio Rendering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.01891/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The demand for realistic virtual immersive audio continues to grow, with Head-Related Transfer Functions (HRTFs) playing a key role. HRTFs capture how sound reaches our ears, reflecting unique anatomical features and enhancing spatial perception. It has been shown that personalized HRTFs improve localization accuracy, but their measurement remains time-consuming and requires a noise-free environment. Although machine learning has been shown to reduce the required measurement points and, thus, the measurement time, a controlled environment is still necessary. This paper proposes a method to address this constraint by presenting a novel technique that can upsample sparse, noisy HRTF measurements. The proposed approach combines an HRTF Denoisy U-Net for denoising and an Autoencoding Generative Adversarial Network (AE-GAN) for upsampling from three measurement points. The proposed method achieves a log-spectral distortion (LSD) error of 5.41 dB and a cosine similarity loss of 0.0070, demonstrating the method's effectiveness in HRTF upsampling.