# You Need a Transition Plane: Bridging Continuous Panoramic 3D Reconstruction with Perspective Gaussian Splatting

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.09062 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.09062/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 37 of its 56 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 12 Apr 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 37)

- [The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metric](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1801.03924/) (2018)
- [3D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Rendering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.04079/) (2023)
- [TensoRF: Tensorial Radiance Fields](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.09517/) (2022)
- [4D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Dynamic Scene Rendering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.08528/) (2023)
- [Deformable 3D Gaussians for High-Fidelity Monocular Dynamic Scene Reconstruction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.13101/) (2023)
- [Spherical CNNs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1801.10130/) (2018)
- [Gaussian Splatting SLAM](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.06741/) (2023)
- [SC-GS: Sparse-Controlled Gaussian Splatting for Editable Dynamic Scenes](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.14937/) (2023)
- [Tangent Images for Mitigating Spherical Distortion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.09390/) (2019)
- [OpenVSLAM: A Versatile Visual SLAM Framework](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.01122/) (2019)
- [On the Error Analysis of 3D Gaussian Splatting and an Optimal Projection Strategy](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.00752/) (2024)
- [360-GS: Layout-guided Panoramic Gaussian Splatting For Indoor Roaming](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.00763/) (2024)
- [Elite360D: Towards Efficient 360 Depth Estimation via Semantic- and Distance-Aware Bi-Projection Fusion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.16376/) (2024)
- [360Loc: A Dataset and Benchmark for Omnidirectional Visual Localization with Cross-device Queries](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.17389/) (2023)
- [StructNeRF: Neural Radiance Fields for Indoor Scenes with Structural Hints](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.05277/) (2022)
- [Balanced Spherical Grid for Egocentric View Synthesis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.12408/) (2023)
- [Pano Popups: Indoor 3D Reconstruction with a Plane-Aware Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.00939/) (2019)
- [Splatter-360: Generalizable 360circ Gaussian Splatting for Wide-baseline Panoramic Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.06250/) (2024)
- [PanSplat: 4K Panorama Synthesis with Feed-Forward Gaussian Splatting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.12096/) (2024)
- [360FusionNeRF: Panoramic Neural Radiance Fields with Joint Guidance](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.14265/) (2022)
- [OmniGS: Fast Radiance Field Reconstruction using Omnidirectional Gaussian Splatting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.03202/) (2024)
- [360Roam: Real-Time Indoor Roaming Using Geometry-Aware 360^circ Radiance Fields](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.02705/) (2022)
- [Deep Learning for Camera Calibration and Beyond: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.10559/) (2023)
- [ODGS: 3D Scene Reconstruction from Omnidirectional Images with 3D Gaussian Splattings](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.20686/) (2024)
- [Moving in a 360 World: Synthesizing Panoramic Parallaxes from a Single Panorama](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.10859/) (2021)
- [OmniSLAM: Omnidirectional Localization and Dense Mapping for Wide-baseline Multi-camera Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.08056/) (2020)
- [Layout-Guided Novel View Synthesis from a Single Indoor Panorama](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.17022/) (2021)
- [PICCOLO: Point Cloud-Centric Omnidirectional Localization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.06545/) (2021)
- [Disentangling Orthogonal Planes for Indoor Panoramic Room Layout Estimation with Cross-Scale Distortion Awareness](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.00971/) (2023)
- [Cylin-Painting: Seamless 360textdegree Panoramic Image Outpainting and Beyond](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.08563/) (2022)

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [Spherical-GOF: Geometry-Aware Panoramic Gaussian Opacity Fields for 3D Scene Reconstruction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.08503/) (2026)
- [Cube-Splat: High-Fidelity 360deg Gaussian Splatting SLAM via Cubemap Factorization and Adjoint-Consistent Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.21347/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Recently, reconstructing scenes from a single panoramic image using advanced 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) techniques has attracted growing interest. Panoramic images offer a 360× 180 field of view (FoV), capturing the entire scene in a single shot. However, panoramic images introduce severe distortion, making it challenging to render 3D Gaussians into 2D distorted equirectangular space directly. Converting equirectangular images to cubemap projections partially alleviates this problem but introduces new challenges, such as projection distortion and discontinuities across cube-face boundaries. To address these limitations, we present a novel framework, named TPGS, to bridge continuous panoramic 3D scene reconstruction with perspective Gaussian splatting. Firstly, we introduce a Transition Plane between adjacent cube faces to enable smoother transitions in splatting directions and mitigate optimization ambiguity in the boundary region. Moreover, an intra-to-inter face optimization strategy is proposed to enhance local details and restore visual consistency across cube-face boundaries. Specifically, we optimize 3D Gaussians within individual cube faces and then fine-tune them in the stitched panoramic space. Additionally, we introduce a spherical sampling technique to eliminate visible stitching seams. Extensive experiments on indoor and outdoor, egocentric, and roaming benchmark datasets demonstrate that our approach outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods. Code and models will be available at https://github.com/zhijieshen-bjtu/TPGS.