# Visual and Semantic Prompt Collaboration for Generalized Zero-Shot Learning

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.23030 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.23030/

## Key facts

- Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 40 of its 66 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 29 Mar 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 40)

- [Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.03385/) (2015)
- [An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.11929/) (2020)
- [Learning to Prompt for Continual Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.08654/) (2021)
- [DualPrompt: Complementary Prompting for Rehearsal-free Continual Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.04799/) (2022)
- [Zero-Shot Learning -- A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Good, the Bad and the Ugly](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1707.00600/) (2017)
- [Feature Generating Networks for Zero-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1712.00981/) (2017)
- [Learning Deep Representations of Fine-grained Visual Descriptions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1605.05395/) (2016)
- [Attribute Prototype Network for Zero-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2008.08290/) (2020)
- [Zero-shot Recognition via Semantic Embeddings and Knowledge Graphs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1803.08035/) (2018)
- [Learning a Deep Embedding Model for Zero-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1611.05088/) (2016)
- [Text-to-Image Diffusion Models are Zero-Shot Classifiers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.15233/) (2023)
- [Latent Embeddings for Zero-shot Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1603.08895/) (2016)
- [Generalized Zero-Shot Learning via Synthesized Examples](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1712.03878/) (2017)
- [Contrastive Embedding for Generalized Zero-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.16173/) (2021)
- [Leveraging the Invariant Side of Generative Zero-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.04092/) (2019)
- [Goal-Oriented Gaze Estimation for Zero-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.03433/) (2021)
- [FREE: Feature Refinement for Generalized Zero-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.13807/) (2021)
- [Learning to Compose Soft Prompts for Compositional Zero-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.03574/) (2022)
- [Predicting Deep Zero-Shot Convolutional Neural Networks using Textual Descriptions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1506.00511/) (2015)
- [Transferable Contrastive Network for Generalized Zero-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.05832/) (2019)
- [Leveraging Seen and Unseen Semantic Relationships for Generative Zero-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2007.09549/) (2020)
- [Semantic-Guided Multi-Attention Localization for Zero-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1903.00502/) (2019)
- [HSVA: Hierarchical Semantic-Visual Adaptation for Zero-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.15163/) (2021)
- [TransZero: Attribute-guided Transformer for Zero-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.01683/) (2021)
- [MSDN: Mutually Semantic Distillation Network for Zero-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.03137/) (2022)
- [Transductive Unbiased Embedding for Zero-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1803.11320/) (2018)
- [DUET: Cross-modal Semantic Grounding for Contrastive Zero-shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.01328/) (2022)
- [Semantic Prompt for Few-Shot Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.14123/) (2023)
- [Dual Progressive Prototype Network for Generalized Zero-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.02073/) (2021)
- [Progressive Semantic-Visual Mutual Adaption for Generalized Zero-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.15322/) (2023)

## Built on by (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [MuSc-V2: Zero-Shot Multimodal Industrial Anomaly Classification and Segmentation with Mutual Scoring of Unlabeled Samples](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.10047/) (2025)
- [Fine-Grained Zero-Shot Learning with Attribute-Centric Representations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.12219/) (2025)
- [Learning Adaptive and Visually Aligned Conditions for Generative Zero-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.06281/) (2026)
- [Incentivizing Generative Zero-Shot Learning via Outcome-Reward Reinforcement Learning with Visual Cues](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.21138/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Generalized zero-shot learning aims to recognize both seen and unseen classes with the help of semantic information that is shared among different classes. It inevitably requires consistent visual-semantic alignment. Existing approaches fine-tune the visual backbone by seen-class data to obtain semantic-related visual features, which may cause overfitting on seen classes with a limited number of training images. This paper proposes a novel visual and semantic prompt collaboration framework, which utilizes prompt tuning techniques for efficient feature adaptation. Specifically, we design a visual prompt to integrate the visual information for discriminative feature learning and a semantic prompt to integrate the semantic formation for visualsemantic alignment. To achieve effective prompt information integration, we further design a weak prompt fusion mechanism for the shallow layers and a strong prompt fusion mechanism for the deep layers in the network. Through the collaboration of visual and semantic prompts, we can obtain discriminative semantic-related features for generalized zero-shot image recognition. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our framework consistently achieves favorable performance in both conventional zero-shot learning and generalized zero-shot learning benchmarks compared to other state-of-the-art methods.