# LLMs' Leaning in European Elections

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.13554 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.13554/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 7 of its 20 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 16 Mar 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 7 of 7)

- [GPT-4o System Card](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.21276/) (2024)
- [Whose Opinions Do Language Models Reflect?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.17548/) (2023)
- [The political ideology of conversational AI: Converging evidence on ChatGPT's pro-environmental, left-libertarian orientation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.01768/) (2023)
- [Fundamental Limitations of Alignment in Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.11082/) (2023)
- [The Political Preferences of LLMs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.01789/) (2024)
- [Hidden Persuaders: LLMs' Political Leaning and Their Influence on Voters](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.24190/) (2024)
- [Utility Engineering: Analyzing and Controlling Emergent Value Systems in AIs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.08640/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Many studies suggest that LLMs have left wing leans. The article extends previous analysis of US presidential elections considering several virtual elections in multiple European countries. The analysis considers multiple LLMs and the results confirm the extent of the leaning. Furthermore, the results show that the leaning is not uniform between countries. Sometimes, models refuse to take a position in the virtual elections, but the refusal rate itself is not uniform between countries.