# Test-Time Domain Generalization via Universe Learning: A Multi-Graph Matching Approach for Medical Image Segmentation

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.13012 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.13012/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 11 of its 18 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 17 Mar 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 11 of 11)

- [Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.03385/) (2015)
- [U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1505.04597/) (2015)
- [In Search of Lost Domain Generalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2007.01434/) (2020)
- [Deeper, Broader and Artier Domain Generalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1710.03077/) (2017)
- [Towards Stable Test-Time Adaptation in Dynamic Wild World](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.12400/) (2023)
- [Improved Test-Time Adaptation for Domain Generalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.04494/) (2023)
- [DLTTA: Dynamic Learning Rate for Test-time Adaptation on Cross-domain Medical Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.13723/) (2022)
- [Higher-order Projected Power Iterations for Scalable Multi-Matching](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1811.10541/) (2018)
- [Single-domain Generalization in Medical Image Segmentation via Test-time Adaptation from Shape Dictionary](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.14467/) (2022)
- [From Denoising Training to Test-Time Adaptation: Enhancing Domain Generalization for Medical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.20271/) (2023)
- [PASS:Test-Time Prompting to Adapt Styles and Semantic Shapes in Medical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.01573/) (2024)

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [SPEGC: Continual Test-Time Adaptation via Semantic-Prompt-Enhanced Graph Clustering for Medical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.11492/) (2026)
- [Seeing Beyond: Extrapolative Domain Adaptive Panoramic Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.15475/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Despite domain generalization (DG) has significantly addressed the performance degradation of pre-trained models caused by domain shifts, it often falls short in real-world deployment. Test-time adaptation (TTA), which adjusts a learned model using unlabeled test data, presents a promising solution. However, most existing TTA methods struggle to deliver strong performance in medical image segmentation, primarily because they overlook the crucial prior knowledge inherent to medical images. To address this challenge, we incorporate morphological information and propose a framework based on multi-graph matching. Specifically, we introduce learnable universe embeddings that integrate morphological priors during multi-source training, along with novel unsupervised test-time paradigms for domain adaptation. This approach guarantees cycle-consistency in multi-matching while enabling the model to more effectively capture the invariant priors of unseen data, significantly mitigating the effects of domain shifts. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method outperforms other state-of-the-art approaches on two medical image segmentation benchmarks for both multi-source and single-source domain generalization tasks. The source code is available at https://github.com/Yore0/TTDG-MGM.