# Coefficient-to-Basis Network: A Fine-Tunable Operator Learning Framework for Inverse Problems with Adaptive Discretizations and Theoretical Guarantees

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.08642 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.08642/

## Key facts

- Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 40 of its 66 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 11 Mar 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 40)

- [U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1505.04597/) (2015)
- [ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1409.0575/) (2014)
- [Fourier Neural Operator for Parametric Partial Differential Equations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.08895/) (2020)
- [DeepONet: Learning nonlinear operators for identifying differential equations based on the universal approximation theorem of operators](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.03193/) (2019)
- [Error bounds for approximations with deep ReLU networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1610.01145/) (2016)
- [Learning the solution operator of parametric partial differential equations with physics-informed DeepOnets](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.10974/) (2021)
- [Nonparametric regression using deep neural networks with ReLU activation function](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1708.06633/) (2017)
- [Fourier Neural Operator with Learned Deformations for PDEs on General Geometries](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.05209/) (2022)
- [The Intrinsic Dimension of Images and Its Impact on Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.08894/) (2021)
- [U-FNO -- An enhanced Fourier neural operator-based deep-learning model for multiphase flow](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.03697/) (2021)
- [Model Reduction and Neural Networks for Parametric PDEs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.03180/) (2020)
- [Adaptive Fourier Neural Operators: Efficient Token Mixers for Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.13587/) (2021)
- [Deep Network Approximation for Smooth Functions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.03040/) (2020)
- [Adaptivity of deep ReLU network for learning in Besov and mixed smooth Besov spaces: optimal rate and curse of dimensionality](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.08033/) (2018)
- [A physics-informed variational DeepONet for predicting the crack path in brittle materials](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.06905/) (2021)
- [NETT: Solving Inverse Problems with Deep Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1803.00092/) (2018)
- [NOMAD: Nonlinear Manifold Decoders for Operator Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.03551/) (2022)
- [Nonparametric Regression on Low-Dimensional Manifolds using Deep ReLU Networks : Function Approximation and Statistical Recovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.01842/) (2019)
- [InversionNet: A Real-Time and Accurate Full Waveform Inversion with CNNs and continuous CRFs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1811.07875/) (2018)
- [Fourier-DeepONet: Fourier-enhanced deep operator networks for full waveform inversion with improved accuracy, generalizability, and robustness](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.17289/) (2023)
- [Deep Nonparametric Estimation of Operators between Infinite Dimensional Spaces](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.00217/) (2022)
- [Exponential Convergence of Deep Operator Networks for Elliptic Partial Differential Equations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.08125/) (2021)
- [Operator learning with PCA-Net: upper and lower complexity bounds](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.16317/) (2023)
- [Besov Function Approximation and Binary Classification on Low-Dimensional Manifolds Using Convolutional Residual Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.02832/) (2021)
- [Understanding Scaling Laws with Statistical and Approximation Theory for Transformer Neural Networks on Intrinsically Low-dimensional Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.06646/) (2024)
- [The Parametric Complexity of Operator Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.15924/) (2023)
- [Deep Operator Network Approximation Rates for Lipschitz Operators](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.09835/) (2023)
- [Accelerated replica exchange stochastic gradient Langevin diffusion enhanced Bayesian DeepONet for solving noisy parametric PDEs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.02484/) (2021)
- [Operator Learning Using Random Features: A Tool for Scientific Computing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.06526/) (2024)
- [Learning in latent spaces improves the predictive accuracy of deep neural operators](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.07599/) (2023)

## Built on by (most cited first, 3 of 3)

- [Multiple Neural Operators Achieve Near-Optimal Rates for Multi-Task Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.22724/) (2026)
- [Prescribed-Basis Coefficient-to-Coefficient Neural Operator for Partial Differential Equations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.10350/) (2025)
- [Data-Driven Model Reduction using WeldNet: Windowed Encoders for Learning Dynamics](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.11090/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

We propose a Coefficient-to-Basis Network (C2BNet), a novel framework for solving inverse problems within the operator learning paradigm. C2BNet efficiently adapts to different discretizations through fine-tuning, using a pre-trained model to significantly reduce computational cost while maintaining high accuracy. Unlike traditional approaches that require retraining from scratch for new discretizations, our method enables seamless adaptation without sacrificing predictive performance. Furthermore, we establish theoretical approximation and generalization error bounds for C2BNet by exploiting low-dimensional structures in the underlying datasets. Our analysis demonstrates that C2BNet adapts to low-dimensional structures without relying on explicit encoding mechanisms, highlighting its robustness and efficiency. To validate our theoretical findings, we conducted extensive numerical experiments that showcase the superior performance of C2BNet on several inverse problems. The results confirm that C2BNet effectively balances computational efficiency and accuracy, making it a promising tool to solve inverse problems in scientific computing and engineering applications.