# ImplicitCell: Resolution Cell Modeling of Joint Implicit Volume Reconstruction and Pose Refinement in Freehand 3D Ultrasound

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.06686 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.06686/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 12 of its 46 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 9 Mar 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 12 of 12)

- [The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metric](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1801.03924/) (2018)
- [Instant Neural Graphics Primitives with a Multiresolution Hash Encoding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.05989/) (2022)
- [Implicit Neural Representations with Periodic Activation Functions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.09661/) (2020)
- [BARF: Bundle-Adjusting Neural Radiance Fields](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.06405/) (2021)
- [Parallel Inversion of Neural Radiance Fields for Robust Pose Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.10108/) (2022)
- [Ultra-NeRF: Neural Radiance Fields for Ultrasound Imaging](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.10520/) (2023)
- [Neural Implicit Surface Reconstruction of Freehand 3D Ultrasound Volume with Geometric Constraints](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.05915/) (2024)
- [NeRF-US: Removing Ultrasound Imaging Artifacts from Neural Radiance Fields in the Wild](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.10258/) (2024)
- [Joint Rigid Motion Correction and Sparse-View CT via Self-Calibrating Neural Field](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.12731/) (2022)
- [Exploring Cycle Consistency Learning in Interactive Volume Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.06493/) (2023)
- [Implicit Neural Representations for Breathing-compensated Volume Reconstruction in Robotic Ultrasound](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.04999/) (2023)
- [Automatic Diagnosis of Carotid Atherosclerosis Using a Portable Freehand 3D Ultrasound Imaging System](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.03081/) (2023)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Freehand 3D ultrasound enables volumetric imaging by tracking a conventional ultrasound probe during freehand scanning, offering enriched spatial information that improves clinical diagnosis. However, the quality of reconstructed volumes is often compromised by tracking system noise and irregular probe movements, leading to artifacts in the final reconstruction. To address these challenges, we propose ImplicitCell, a novel framework that integrates Implicit Neural Representation (INR) with an ultrasound resolution cell model for joint optimization of volume reconstruction and pose refinement. Three distinct datasets are used for comprehensive validation, including phantom, common carotid artery, and carotid atherosclerosis. Experimental results demonstrate that ImplicitCell significantly reduces reconstruction artifacts and improves volume quality compared to existing methods, particularly in challenging scenarios with noisy tracking data. These improvements enhance the clinical utility of freehand 3D ultrasound by providing more reliable and precise diagnostic information.