# Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based User Association in Hybrid LiFi/WiFi Indoor Networks

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.01803 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.01803/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 4 of its 40 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 3 Mar 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithms](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1707.06347/) (2017)
- [Convex optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.01946/) (2021)
- [Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Adaptive User Association in Dynamic mmWave Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.09066/) (2020)
- [Adaptive Target-Condition Neural Network: DNN-Aided Load Balancing for Hybrid LiFi and WiFi Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.05035/) (2022)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Hybrid light fidelity (LiFi) and wireless fidelity (WiFi) indoor networks has been envisioned as a promising technology to alleviate radio frequency spectrum crunch to accommodate the ever-increasing data rate demand in indoor scenarios. The hybrid LiFi/WiFi indoor networks can leverage the advantages of fast data transmission from LiFi and wider coverage of WiFi, thus complementing well with each other and further improving the network performance compared with the standalone networks. However, to leverage the co-existence, several challenges should be addressed, including but not limited to user association, mobility support, and efficient resource allocation. Therefore, the objective of the paper is to design a new user-access point association algorithm to maximize the sum throughput of the hybrid networks. We first mathematically formulate the sum data rate maximization problem by determining the AP selection for each user in indoor networks with consideration of user mobility and practical capacity limitations, which is a nonconvex binary integer programming problem. To solve this problem, we then propose a sequential-proximal policy optimization (S-PPO) based deep reinforcement learning method. Extensive simulations are conducted to evaluate the proposed method by comparing it with exhaustive search (ES), signal strength strategy (SSS), and trust region policy optimization (TRPO) methods. Comprehensive simulation results demonstrate that our solution algorithm can outperform SSS by about 32.25% of the sum throughput and 19.09% of the fairness on average, and outperform TRPO by about 10.34% and 10.23%, respectively.