# Beyond Interaction Patterns: Assessing Claims of Coordinated Inter-State Information Operations on Twitter/X

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.17344 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.17344/

## Key facts

- Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 24 Feb 2025.

## Built on by (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [Emergent Coordinated Behaviors in Networked LLM Agents: Modeling the Strategic Dynamics of Information Operations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.25003/) (2025)
- [Multimodal Coordinated Online Behavior: Trade-offs and Strategies](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.12108/) (2025)
- [Generative AI and Digital Ecosystem Resilience: A Proactive Lifecycle-Based Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.00136/) (2026)
- [Predicting, Evaluating, and Explaining Top Misinformation Spreaders via Archetypal User Behavior](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.16323/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Social media platforms have become key tools for coordinated influence operations, enabling state actors to manipulate public opinion through strategic, collective actions. While previous research has suggested collaboration between states, such research failed to leverage state-of-the-art coordination indicators or control datasets. In this study, we investigate inter-state coordination by analyzing multiple online behavioral traces and using sophisticated coordination detection models. By incorporating a control dataset to differentiate organic user activity from coordinated efforts, our findings reveal no evidence of inter-state coordination. These results challenge earlier claims and underscore the importance of robust methodologies and control datasets in accurately detecting online coordination.