# Geometric Machine Learning on EEG Signals

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.05334 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.05334/

## Key facts

- Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 14 of its 46 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 7 Feb 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 14 of 14)

- [Attention Is All You Need](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.03762/) (2017)
- [Towards Open Vocabulary Learning: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.15880/) (2023)
- [Tackling Over-Smoothing for General Graph Convolutional Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2008.09864/) (2020)
- [MAtt: A Manifold Attention Network for EEG Decoding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.01986/) (2022)
- [EEGdenoiseNet: A benchmark dataset for end-to-end deep learning solutions of EEG denoising](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2009.11662/) (2020)
- [Characterizing Complex Networks with Forman-Ricci Curvature and Associated Geometric Flows](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1607.08654/) (2016)
- [EEGFuseNet: Hybrid Unsupervised Deep Feature Characterization and Fusion for High-Dimensional EEG with An Application to Emotion Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.03777/) (2021)
- [Curve Your Attention: Mixed-Curvature Transformers for Graph Representation Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.04082/) (2023)
- [Curvature-based Clustering on Graphs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.10155/) (2023)
- [A novel convolutional neural network model to remove muscle artifacts from EEG](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.11709/) (2020)
- [EEGDnet: Fusing Non-Local and Local Self-Similarity for 1-D EEG Signal Denoising with 2-D Transformer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.04235/) (2021)
- [Beyond Over-smoothing: Uncovering the Trainability Challenges in Deep Graph Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.03669/) (2024)
- [MindBigData 2022 A Large Dataset of Brain Signals](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.14746/) (2022)
- [Targeted Adversarial Denoising Autoencoders (TADA) for Neural Time Series Filtration](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.04967/) (2025)

## Built on by (most cited first, 3 of 3)

- [BrainStack: Neuro-MoE with Functionally Guided Expert Routing for EEG-Based Language Decoding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.21148/) (2026)
- [A Statistical Mixture-of-Experts Framework for EMG Artifact Removal in EEG: Empirical Insights and a Proof-of-Concept Application](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.19385/) (2025)
- [Informationally Compressive Anonymization: Non-Degrading Sensitive Input Protection for Privacy-Preserving Supervised Machine Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.15842/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) offer transformative potential, but decoding neural signals presents significant challenges. The core premise of this paper is built around demonstrating methods to elucidate the underlying low-dimensional geometric structure present in high-dimensional brainwave data in order to assist in downstream BCI-related neural classification tasks. We demonstrate two pipelines related to electroencephalography (EEG) signal processing: (1) a preliminary pipeline removing noise from individual EEG channels, and (2) a downstream manifold learning pipeline uncovering geometric structure across networks of EEG channels. We conduct preliminary validation using two EEG datasets and situate our demonstration in the context of the BCI-relevant imagined digit decoding problem. Our preliminary pipeline uses an attention-based EEG filtration network to extract clean signal from individual EEG channels. Our primary pipeline uses a fast Fourier transform, a Laplacian eigenmap, a discrete analog of Ricci flow via Ollivier's notion of Ricci curvature, and a graph convolutional network to perform dimensionality reduction on high-dimensional multi-channel EEG data in order to enable regularizable downstream classification. Our system achieves competitive performance with existing signal processing and classification benchmarks; we demonstrate a mean test correlation coefficient of >0.95 at 2 dB on semi-synthetic neural denoising and a downstream EEG-based classification accuracy of 0.97 on distinguishing digit- versus non-digit- thoughts. Results are preliminary and our geometric machine learning pipeline should be validated by more extensive follow-up studies; generalizing these results to larger inter-subject sample sizes, different hardware systems, and broader use cases will be crucial.