# All-in-One Analog AI Hardware: On-Chip Training and Inference with Conductive-Metal-Oxide/HfOx ReRAM Devices

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.04524 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.04524/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 6 Feb 2025.

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Unsupervised local learning based on voltage-dependent synaptic plasticity for resistive and ferroelectric synapses](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.25787/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Analog in-memory computing is an emerging paradigm designed to efficiently accelerate deep neural network workloads. Recent advancements have focused on either inference or training acceleration. However, a unified analog in-memory technology platform-capable of on-chip training, weight retention, and long-term inference acceleration-has yet to be reported. This work presents an all-in-one analog AI accelerator, combining these capabilities to enable energy-efficient, continuously adaptable AI systems. The platform leverages an array of analog filamentary conductive-metal-oxide (CMO)/HfOx resistive switching memory cells (ReRAM) integrated into the back-end-of-line (BEOL). The array demonstrates reliable resistive switching with voltage amplitudes below 1.5V, compatible with advanced technology nodes. The array multi-bit capability (over 32 stable states) and low programming noise (down to 10nS) enable a nearly ideal weight transfer process, more than an order of magnitude better than other memristive technologies. Inference performance is validated through matrix-vector multiplication simulations on a 64x64 array, achieving a root-mean-square error improvement by a factor of 20 at 1 second and 3 at 10 years after programming, compared to state-of-the-art. Training accuracy closely matching the software equivalent is achieved across different datasets. The CMO/HfOx ReRAM technology lays the foundation for efficient analog systems accelerating both inference and training in deep neural networks.