# Evaluation of End-to-End Continuous Spanish Lipreading in Different Data Conditions

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.00464 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.00464/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 41 of its 79 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 1 Feb 2025.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 41)

- [Attention Is All You Need](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.03762/) (2017)
- [Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.03385/) (2015)
- [wav2vec 2.0: A Framework for Self-Supervised Learning of Speech Representations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.11477/) (2020)
- [Conformer: Convolution-augmented Transformer for Speech Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.08100/) (2020)
- [Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Context](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1901.02860/) (2019)
- [Common Voice: A Massively-Multilingual Speech Corpus](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.06670/) (2019)
- [A Lip Sync Expert Is All You Need for Speech to Lip Generation In The Wild](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2008.10010/) (2020)
- [ESPnet: End-to-End Speech Processing Toolkit](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1804.00015/) (2018)
- [How far are we from solving the 2D & 3D Face Alignment problem? (and a dataset of 230,000 3D facial landmarks)](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.07332/) (2017)
- [MLS: A Large-Scale Multilingual Dataset for Speech Research](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2012.03411/) (2020)
- [LRS3-TED: a large-scale dataset for visual speech recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1809.00496/) (2018)
- [Learning Audio-Visual Speech Representation by Masked Multimodal Cluster Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.02184/) (2022)
- [Lip Reading Sentences in the Wild](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1611.05358/) (2016)
- [Scaling Neural Machine Translation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1806.00187/) (2018)
- [End-to-end Audio-visual Speech Recognition with Conformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.06657/) (2021)
- [Auto-AVSR: Audio-Visual Speech Recognition with Automatic Labels](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.14307/) (2023)
- [Is Someone Speaking? Exploring Long-term Temporal Features for Audio-visual Active Speaker Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.06592/) (2021)
- [The Multilingual TEDx Corpus for Speech Recognition and Translation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.01757/) (2021)
- [Intermediate Loss Regularization for CTC-based Speech Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.03216/) (2021)
- [Visual Speech Recognition for Multiple Languages in the Wild](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.13084/) (2022)
- [Sub-word Level Lip Reading With Visual Attention](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.07603/) (2021)
- [LRW-1000: A Naturally-Distributed Large-Scale Benchmark for Lip Reading in the Wild](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.06990/) (2018)
- [Let's Go Real Talk: Spoken Dialogue Model for Face-to-Face Conversation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.07867/) (2024)
- [A Light Weight Model for Active Speaker Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.04439/) (2023)
- [MuAViC: A Multilingual Audio-Visual Corpus for Robust Speech Recognition and Robust Speech-to-Text Translation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.00628/) (2023)
- [Improved Mask-CTC for Non-Autoregressive End-to-End ASR](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.13270/) (2020)
- [Can We Read Speech Beyond the Lips? Rethinking RoI Selection for Deep Visual Speech Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.03206/) (2020)
- [SynthVSR: Scaling Up Visual Speech Recognition With Synthetic Supervision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.17200/) (2023)
- [BRAVEn: Improving Self-Supervised Pre-training for Visual and Auditory Speech Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.02098/) (2024)
- [Lip Reading for Low-resource Languages by Learning and Combining General Speech Knowledge and Language-specific Knowledge](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.09311/) (2023)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Visual speech recognition remains an open research problem where different challenges must be considered by dispensing with the auditory sense, such as visual ambiguities, the inter-personal variability among speakers, and the complex modeling of silence. Nonetheless, recent remarkable results have been achieved in the field thanks to the availability of large-scale databases and the use of powerful attention mechanisms. Besides, multiple languages apart from English are nowadays a focus of interest. This paper presents noticeable advances in automatic continuous lipreading for Spanish. First, an end-to-end system based on the hybrid CTC/Attention architecture is presented. Experiments are conducted on two corpora of disparate nature, reaching state-of-the-art results that significantly improve the best performance obtained to date for both databases. In addition, a thorough ablation study is carried out, where it is studied how the different components that form the architecture influence the quality of speech recognition. Then, a rigorous error analysis is carried out to investigate the different factors that could affect the learning of the automatic system. Finally, a new Spanish lipreading benchmark is consolidated. Code and trained models are available at https://github.com/david-gimeno/evaluating-end2end-spanish-lipreading.