# The Case for Time in Causal DAGs

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.19311 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.19311/

## Key facts

- Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 31 Jan 2025.

## Built on by (most cited first, 3 of 3)

- [Causal Foundations of Collective Agency](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.00248/) (2026)
- [A Topological Sorting Criterion for Random Causal Directed Acyclic Graphs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.06288/) (2026)
- [Orca: Neural Operators for Causal Reasoning in Continuous Time](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.27867/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

We make the case for incorporating a notion of time into causal directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). We demonstrate that nontemporal causal DAGs are ambiguous and obstruct justification of the acyclicity assumption. Assuming that causes precede effects, causal relationships are relative to the time order, and causal DAGs require temporal qualification. We propose a formalization via composite causal variables that refer to quantities at one or multiple time points. We emphasize that the acyclicity assumption requires different justifications depending on whether the time order allows cycles. We conclude by discussing implications for the interpretation and applicability of DAGs as causal models.