# MambaHSI: Spatial-Spectral Mamba for Hyperspectral Image Classification

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.04944 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.04944/

## Key facts

- Cited by 44 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Placed in Hyperspectral image analysis with Mamba, one of 10 directions in State-space sequence models (S4, Mamba).
- Builds on 27 of its 63 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 9 Jan 2025.

## Placed in

- State-space sequence models (S4, Mamba) / [Hyperspectral image analysis with Mamba](https://mlsanity.com/ssm/hyperspectral-image-analysis-with-mamba/)

## Builds on (most cited first, 27 of 27)

- [Attention Is All You Need](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.03762/) (2017)
- [Mamba: Linear-Time Sequence Modeling with Selective State Spaces](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.00752/) (2023)
- [Efficiently Modeling Long Sequences with Structured State Spaces](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.00396/) (2021)
- [Non-local Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1711.07971/) (2017)
- [Vision Mamba: Efficient Visual Representation Learning with Bidirectional State Space Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.09417/) (2024)
- [Simplified State Space Layers for Sequence Modeling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.04933/) (2022)
- [Combining Recurrent, Convolutional, and Continuous-time Models with Linear State-Space Layers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.13985/) (2021)
- [Hungry Hungry Hippos: Towards Language Modeling with State Space Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.14052/) (2022)
- [U-Mamba: Enhancing Long-range Dependency for Biomedical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.04722/) (2024)
- [VM-UNet: Vision Mamba UNet for Medical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.02491/) (2024)
- [Long Range Language Modeling via Gated State Spaces](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.13947/) (2022)
- [It's Raw! Audio Generation with State-Space Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.09729/) (2022)
- [SpectralFormer: Rethinking Hyperspectral Image Classification with Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.02988/) (2021)
- [PointMamba: A Simple State Space Model for Point Cloud Analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.10739/) (2024)
- [Graph Convolutional Networks for Hyperspectral Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2008.02457/) (2020)
- [Selective Structured State-Spaces for Long-Form Video Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.14526/) (2023)
- [RSMamba: Remote Sensing Image Classification with State Space Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.19654/) (2024)
- [Efficient Movie Scene Detection using State-Space Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.14427/) (2022)
- [Hyperspectral Image Classification-Traditional to Deep Models: A Survey for Future Prospects](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.06116/) (2021)
- [Visual Mamba: A Survey and New Outlooks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.18861/) (2024)
- [SpectralMamba: Efficient Mamba for Hyperspectral Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.08489/) (2024)
- [Spectral-Spatial Mamba for Hyperspectral Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.18401/) (2024)
- [Hyperspectral Image Classification With Context-Aware Dynamic Graph Convolutional Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1909.11953/) (2019)
- [3DSS-Mamba: 3D-Spectral-Spatial Mamba for Hyperspectral Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.12487/) (2024)
- [DualMamba: A Lightweight Spectral-Spatial Mamba-Convolution Network for Hyperspectral Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.07050/) (2024)
- [A Spectral-Spatial-Dependent Global Learning Framework for Insufficient and Imbalanced Hyperspectral Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.14327/) (2021)
- [Efficient Deep Learning of Non-local Features for Hyperspectral Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2008.00542/) (2020)

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 44)

- [HyperFree: A Channel-adaptive and Tuning-free Foundation Model for Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Imagery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.21841/) (2025)
- [Vision Mamba in Remote Sensing: A Comprehensive Survey of Techniques, Applications and Outlook](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.00630/) (2025)
- [SPECIAL: Zero-shot Hyperspectral Image Classification With CLIP](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.16222/) (2025)
- [Sparse Deformable Mamba for Hyperspectral Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.09446/) (2025)
- [Adaptive Multi-Order Graph Regularized NMF with Dual Sparsity for Hyperspectral Unmixing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.19258/) (2025)
- [MambaMoE: Mixture-of-Spectral-Spatial-Experts State Space Model for Hyperspectral Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.20509/) (2025)
- [Global and Local Mamba Network for Multi-Modality Medical Image Super-Resolution](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.10105/) (2025)
- [Advancing Wheat Crop Analysis: A Survey of Deep Learning Approaches Using Hyperspectral Imaging](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.00805/) (2025)
- [LoLA-SpecViT: Local Attention SwiGLU Vision Transformer with LoRA for Hyperspectral Imaging](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.17759/) (2025)
- [3D-SSM: A Novel 3D Selective Scan Module for Remote Sensing Change Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.19263/) (2025)
- [Lightweight Quad Bayer HybridEVS Demosaicing via State Space Augmented Cross-Attention](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.06058/) (2025)
- [Wavelet-Assisted Mamba for Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temperature Super-Resolution](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.24334/) (2025)
- [Hybrid State-Space and GRU-based Graph Tokenization Mamba for Hyperspectral Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.06427/) (2025)
- [A Comprehensive Survey on Magnetic Resonance Image Reconstruction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.07097/) (2025)
- [Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Images Salient Object Detection: The First Benchmark Dataset and Baseline](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.02416/) (2025)
- [ACMamba: Fast Unsupervised Anomaly Detection via An Asymmetrical Consensus State Space Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.11781/) (2025)
- [Mamba Based Feature Extraction And Adaptive Multilevel Feature Fusion For 3D Tumor Segmentation From Multi-modal Medical Image](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.21281/) (2025)
- [Hyperspectral Image Classification via Transformer-based Spectral-Spatial Attention Decoupling and Adaptive Gating](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.08324/) (2025)
- [SpecAware: A Spectral-Content Aware Foundation Model for Unifying Multi-Sensor Learning in Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Mapping](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.27219/) (2025)
- [Scalable neural pushbroom architectures for real-time denoising of hyperspectral images onboard satellites](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.05020/) (2026)
- [3D Fourier-based Global Feature Extraction for Hyperspectral Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.16426/) (2026)
- [Hyperspectral Image Classification via Efficient Global Spectral Supertoken Clustering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.27364/) (2026)
- [DCT-Mamba3D: Spectral Decorrelation and Spatial-Spectral Feature Extraction for Hyperspectral Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.01986/) (2025)
- [From Image- to Pixel-level: Label-efficient Hyperspectral Image Reconstruction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.06852/) (2025)
- [HS-Mamba: Full-Field Interaction Multi-Groups Mamba for Hyperspectral Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.15612/) (2025)
- [StereoMamba: Real-time and Robust Intraoperative Stereo Disparity Estimation via Long-range Spatial Dependencies](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.17401/) (2025)
- [From Pixels to Images: A Structural Survey of Deep Learning Paradigms in Remote Sensing Image Semantic Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.15147/) (2025)
- [MVNet: Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Image Classification Based on Hybrid Mamba-Transformer Vision Backbone Architecture](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.04409/) (2025)
- [Spatial-Temporal-Spectral Mamba with Sparse Deformable Token Sequence for Enhanced MODIS Time Series Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.02839/) (2025)
- [Deep Equilibrium Convolutional Sparse Coding for Hyperspectral Image Denoising](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.15553/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Transformer has been extensively explored for hyperspectral image (HSI) classification. However, transformer poses challenges in terms of speed and memory usage because of its quadratic computational complexity. Recently, the Mamba model has emerged as a promising approach, which has strong long-distance modeling capabilities while maintaining a linear computational complexity. However, representing the HSI is challenging for the Mamba due to the requirement for an integrated spatial and spectral understanding. To remedy these drawbacks, we propose a novel HSI classification model based on a Mamba model, named MambaHSI, which can simultaneously model long-range interaction of the whole image and integrate spatial and spectral information in an adaptive manner. Specifically, we design a spatial Mamba block (SpaMB) to model the long-range interaction of the whole image at the pixel-level. Then, we propose a spectral Mamba block (SpeMB) to split the spectral vector into multiple groups, mine the relations across different spectral groups, and extract spectral features. Finally, we propose a spatial-spectral fusion module (SSFM) to adaptively integrate spatial and spectral features of a HSI. To our best knowledge, this is the first image-level HSI classification model based on the Mamba. We conduct extensive experiments on four diverse HSI datasets. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed model for HSI classification. This reveals the great potential of Mamba to be the next-generation backbone for HSI models. Codes are available at https://github.com/li-yapeng/MambaHSI .