# Constructing 4D Radio Map in LEO Satellite Networks with Limited Samples

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.02775 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.02775/

## Key facts

- Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 6 Jan 2025.

## Built on by (most cited first, 13 of 13)

- [LLM-Driven Stationarity-Aware Expert Demonstrations for Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning in Mobile Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.19368/) (2025)
- [Rethinking Membership Inference Attacks Against Transfer Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.11577/) (2025)
- [NSC-SL: A Bandwidth-Aware Neural Subspace Compression for Communication-Efficient Split Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.02696/) (2026)
- [Defensive Adversarial CAPTCHA: A Semantics-Driven Framework for Natural Adversarial Example Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.10685/) (2025)
- [A Satellite-Ground Synergistic Large Vision-Language Model System for Earth Observation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.05731/) (2025)
- [SFL-LEO: Asynchronous Split-Federated Learning Design for LEO Satellite-Ground Network Framework](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.13479/) (2025)
- [Agentic Satellite-Augmented Low-Altitude Economy and Terrestrial Networks: A Survey on Generative Approaches](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.14633/) (2025)
- [Secure Resource Allocation via Constrained Deep Reinforcement Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.11557/) (2025)
- [Intra-DP: A High Performance Collaborative Inference System for Mobile Edge Computing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.05829/) (2025)
- [Enabling Near-realtime Remote Sensing via Satellite-Ground Collaboration of Large Vision-Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.24242/) (2025)
- [DP-TRAE: A Dual-Phase Merging Transferable Reversible Adversarial Example for Image Privacy Protection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.06860/) (2025)
- [SIDeR: Semantic Identity Decoupling for Unrestricted Face Privacy](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.04994/) (2026)
- [A Geometric Algebra-informed NeRF Framework for Generalizable Wireless Channel Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.11983/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Recently, Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks (i.e., non-terrestrial network (NTN)), such as Starlink, have been successfully deployed to provide broader coverage than terrestrial networks (TN). Due to limited spectrum resources, TN and NTN may soon share the same spectrum. Therefore, fine-grained spectrum monitoring is crucial for spectrum sharing and interference avoidance. To this end, constructing a 4D radio map (RM) including three spatial dimensions and signal spectra is important. However, this requires the large deployment of sensors, and high-speed analog-to-digital converters for extensive spatial signal collection and wide power spectrum acquisition, respectively. To address these challenges, we propose a deep unsupervised learning framework without ground truths labeling requirement, DeepRM, comprised of neural compressive sensing (CS) and tensor decomposition (TD) algorithms. Firstly, we map the CS process into the optimization of a neural networksassociated loss function, and design a sparsity-performance balance training algorithm to reconstruct a wide power spectrum under limited sub-Nquist samples. Secondly, according to the output of neural CS algorithm, we also utilize neural networks to perform TD, and construct the 3D RM for each frequency, even under very sparse sensor deployment. Extensive evaluations show that DeepRM achieves lower error than its corresponding state-of-the-art baselines, especially with limited samples.