# STNMamba: Mamba-based Spatial-Temporal Normality Learning for Video Anomaly Detection

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.20084 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.20084/

## Key facts

- Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Placed in Time series forecasting with SSMs, one of 10 directions in State-space sequence models (S4, Mamba).
- Builds on 12 of its 38 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 28 Dec 2024.

## Placed in

- State-space sequence models (S4, Mamba) / [Time series forecasting with SSMs](https://mlsanity.com/ssm/time-series-forecasting-with-ssms/)

## Builds on (most cited first, 12 of 12)

- [Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1412.6980/) (2014)
- [Efficiently Modeling Long Sequences with Structured State Spaces](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.00396/) (2021)
- [VMamba: Visual State Space Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.10166/) (2024)
- [Memorizing Normality to Detect Anomaly: Memory-augmented Deep Autoencoder for Unsupervised Anomaly Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.02639/) (2019)
- [MambaIR: A Simple Baseline for Image Restoration with State-Space Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.15648/) (2024)
- [VM-UNet: Vision Mamba UNet for Medical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.02491/) (2024)
- [Learning Memory-guided Normality for Anomaly Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2003.13228/) (2020)
- [Anomaly Detection in Video Sequence with Appearance-Motion Correspondence](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.06351/) (2019)
- [Abnormal Event Detection in Videos using Generative Adversarial Nets](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1708.09644/) (2017)
- [Sigma: Siamese Mamba Network for Multi-Modal Semantic Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.04256/) (2024)
- [Generalized Video Anomaly Event Detection: Systematic Taxonomy and Comparison of Deep Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.05087/) (2023)
- [Video Event Restoration Based on Keyframes for Video Anomaly Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.05112/) (2023)

## Built on by (most cited first, 9 of 9)

- [Anomaly Detection and Generation with Diffusion Models: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.09368/) (2025)
- [Foundation Models and Transformers for Anomaly Detection: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.15905/) (2025)
- [M2S2L: Mamba-based Multi-Scale Spatial-temporal Learning for Video Anomaly Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.05564/) (2025)
- [VADMamba++: Efficient Video Anomaly Detection via Hybrid Modeling in Grayscale Space](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.00360/) (2026)
- [ReynoldsFlow: Physics-Inspired Spatiotemporal Flow Representation for Video Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.04500/) (2025)
- [FTDMamba: Frequency-Assisted Temporal Dilation Mamba for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Video Anomaly Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.11254/) (2026)
- [Motion Semantics Guided Normalizing Flow for Privacy-Preserving Video Anomaly Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.26745/) (2026)
- [Robust Embodied Perception in Dynamic Environments via Disentangled Weight Fusion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.01669/) (2026)
- [T-MOR: Learning Motion-Aware Skeleton Representations for Human Action Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.21607/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Video anomaly detection (VAD) has been extensively researched due to its potential for intelligent video systems. However, most existing methods based on CNNs and transformers still suffer from substantial computational burdens and have room for improvement in learning spatial-temporal normality. Recently, Mamba has shown great potential for modeling long-range dependencies with linear complexity, providing an effective solution to the above dilemma. To this end, we propose a lightweight and effective Mamba-based network named STNMamba, which incorporates carefully designed Mamba modules to enhance the learning of spatial-temporal normality. Firstly, we develop a dual-encoder architecture, where the spatial encoder equipped with Multi-Scale Vision Space State Blocks (MS-VSSB) extracts multi-scale appearance features, and the temporal encoder employs Channel-Aware Vision Space State Blocks (CA-VSSB) to capture significant motion patterns. Secondly, a Spatial-Temporal Interaction Module (STIM) is introduced to integrate spatial and temporal information across multiple levels, enabling effective modeling of intrinsic spatial-temporal consistency. Within this module, the Spatial-Temporal Fusion Block (STFB) is proposed to fuse the spatial and temporal features into a unified feature space, and the memory bank is utilized to store spatial-temporal prototypes of normal patterns, restricting the model's ability to represent anomalies. Extensive experiments on three benchmark datasets demonstrate that our STNMamba achieves competitive performance with fewer parameters and lower computational costs than existing methods.