# LuxBank: The First Universal Dependency Treebank for Luxembourgish

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.04813 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.04813/

## Key facts

- Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 4 of its 39 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 7 Nov 2024.

## Builds on (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [Man is to Computer Programmer as Woman is to Homemaker? Debiasing Word Embeddings](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1607.06520/) (2016)
- [Universal Dependencies v2: An Evergrowing Multilingual Treebank Collection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.10643/) (2020)
- [From Masked Language Modeling to Translation: Non-English Auxiliary Tasks Improve Zero-shot Spoken Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.07316/) (2021)
- [MaiBaam: A Multi-Dialectal Bavarian Universal Dependency Treebank](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.10293/) (2024)

## Built on by (most cited first, 9 of 9)

- [Neural Text Normalization for Luxembourgish using Real-Life Variation Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.09383/) (2024)
- [Building UD Cairo for Old English in the Classroom](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.18718/) (2025)
- [Do LLMs Judge Distantly Supervised Named Entity Labels Well? Constructing the JudgeWEL Dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.00411/) (2026)
- [A Subword Embedding Approach for Variation Detection in Luxembourgish User Comments](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.11795/) (2026)
- [ltzGLUE: Luxembourgish General Language Understanding Evaluation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.17976/) (2026)
- [Language Ideologies in a Multilingual Society: An LLM-based Analysis of Luxembourgish News Comments](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.27661/) (2026)
- [Why Low-Resource NLP Needs More Than Cross-Lingual Transfer: Lessons Learned from Luxembourgish](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.10714/) (2026)
- [Do LLMs Know What Luxembourgish Borrows? Probing Lexical Neology in Low-Resource Multilingual Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.21227/) (2026)
- [L"etzCross: A Cross-Lingual Page-Level Benchmark for Multimodal Retrieval over Luxembourgish Documents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.21714/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The Universal Dependencies (UD) project has significantly expanded linguistic coverage across 161 languages, yet Luxembourgish, a West Germanic language spoken by approximately 400,000 people, has remained absent until now. In this paper, we introduce LuxBank, the first UD Treebank for Luxembourgish, addressing the gap in syntactic annotation and analysis for this `low-research' language. We establish formal guidelines for Luxembourgish language annotation, providing the foundation for the first large-scale quantitative analysis of its syntax. LuxBank serves not only as a resource for linguists and language learners but also as a tool for developing spell checkers and grammar checkers, organising existing text archives and even training large language models. By incorporating Luxembourgish into the UD framework, we aim to enhance the understanding of syntactic variation within West Germanic languages and offer a model for documenting smaller, semi-standardised languages. This work positions Luxembourgish as a valuable resource in the broader linguistic and NLP communities, contributing to the study of languages with limited research and resources.