# NLP and Education: using semantic similarity to evaluate filled gaps in a large-scale Cloze test in the classroom

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.01280 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.01280/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 3 of its 21 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 2 Nov 2024.

## Builds on (most cited first, 3 of 3)

- [Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1301.3781/) (2013)
- [Evolution of Semantic Similarity -- A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.13820/) (2020)
- [Portuguese Word Embeddings: Evaluating on Word Analogies and Natural Language Tasks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1708.06025/) (2017)

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Avaliacc~ao de eficiencia na leitura: uma abordagem baseada em PLN](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.15824/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

This study examines the applicability of the Cloze test, a widely used tool for assessing text comprehension proficiency, while highlighting its challenges in large-scale implementation. To address these limitations, an automated correction approach was proposed, utilizing Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques, particularly word embeddings (WE) models, to assess semantic similarity between expected and provided answers. Using data from Cloze tests administered to students in Brazil, WE models for Brazilian Portuguese (PT-BR) were employed to measure the semantic similarity of the responses. The results were validated through an experimental setup involving twelve judges who classified the students' answers. A comparative analysis between the WE models' scores and the judges' evaluations revealed that GloVe was the most effective model, demonstrating the highest correlation with the judges' assessments. This study underscores the utility of WE models in evaluating semantic similarity and their potential to enhance large-scale Cloze test assessments. Furthermore, it contributes to educational assessment methodologies by offering a more efficient approach to evaluating reading proficiency.