# Single-Shot Phase Diversity Wavefront Sensing in Deep Turbulence via Metasurface Optics

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.18789 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.18789/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 4 of its 44 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 24 Oct 2024.

## Builds on (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1505.04597/) (2015)
- [Image Inpainting for Irregular Holes Using Partial Convolutions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1804.07723/) (2018)
- [DiffuserCam: Lensless Single-exposure 3D Imaging](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1710.02134/) (2017)
- [On the use of deep learning for phase recovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.00942/) (2023)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Free-space optical communication (FSOC) systems offer high-bandwidth and secure communication with minimal capital costs. Adaptive optics (AO) are typically added to these systems to decrease atmospheric channel losses; however, the performance of traditional AO wavefront sensors degrades in long-range, deep turbulence conditions. Alternative wavefront sensors using phase diversity can successfully reconstruct wavefronts in deep turbulence, but current implementations require bulky setups with high latency. In this work, we employ a nanostructured birefringent metasurface optic that enables low-latency phase diversity wavefront sensing in a compact form factor. We prove the effectiveness of this approach in mid-to-high turbulence (Rytov numbers from 0.2 to 0.6) through simulation and experimental demonstration. In both cases an average 16-fold increase in signal from the corrected beam is obtained. Our approach opens a pathway for compact, robust wavefront sensing that enhances range and accuracy of FSOC systems.