# Exploring Possibilities of AI-Powered Legal Assistance in Bangladesh through Large Language Modeling

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.17210 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.17210/

## Key facts

- Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 14 of its 29 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 22 Oct 2024.

## Builds on (most cited first, 14 of 14)

- [HuggingFace's Transformers: State-of-the-art Natural Language Processing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.03771/) (2019)
- [Large Legal Fictions: Profiling Legal Hallucinations in Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.01301/) (2024)
- [How Does NLP Benefit Legal System: A Summary of Legal Artificial Intelligence](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.12158/) (2020)
- [Interpretable Long-Form Legal Question Answering with Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.17050/) (2023)
- [Better Call GPT, Comparing Large Language Models Against Lawyers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.16212/) (2024)
- [Leveraging Large Language Models for Learning Complex Legal Concepts through Storytelling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.17019/) (2024)
- [LawLuo: A Multi-Agent Collaborative Framework for Multi-Round Chinese Legal Consultation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.16252/) (2024)
- [LLMs as Writing Assistants: Exploring Perspectives on Sense of Ownership and Reasoning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.00027/) (2024)
- [Caveat Lector: Large Language Models in Legal Practice](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.09163/) (2024)
- [Exploring the Nexus of Large Language Models and Legal Systems: A Short Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.00990/) (2024)
- [Ink and Individuality: Crafting a Personalised Narrative in the Age of LLMs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.00026/) (2024)
- [Optimizing Numerical Estimation and Operational Efficiency in the Legal Domain through Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.19041/) (2024)
- [Exploring Bengali Religious Dialect Biases in Large Language Models with Evaluation Perspectives](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.18376/) (2024)
- [Justifiable Artificial Intelligence: Engineering Large Language Models for Legal Applications](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.15716/) (2023)

## Built on by (most cited first, 3 of 3)

- [Mina: A Multilingual LLM-Powered Legal Assistant Agent for Bangladesh for Empowering Access to Justice](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.08605/) (2025)
- [BLAD: A Historically Contextualized, Multilingual Dataset of Bangladeshi Legal Acts (1799 to 2025)](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.17111/) (2026)
- [Do Small Models Use the Law You Give Them? Context-Injected Fine-Tuning for Legal QA in Bangladesh](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.23446/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Purpose: Bangladesh's legal system struggles with major challenges like delays, complexity, high costs, and millions of unresolved cases, which deter many from pursuing legal action due to lack of knowledge or financial constraints. This research seeks to develop a specialized Large Language Model (LLM) to assist in the Bangladeshi legal system. Methods: We created UKIL-DB-EN, an English corpus of Bangladeshi legal documents, by collecting and scraping data on various legal acts. We fine-tuned the GPT-2 model on this dataset to develop GPT2-UKIL-EN, an LLM focused on providing legal assistance in English. Results: The model was rigorously evaluated using semantic assessments, including case studies supported by expert opinions. The evaluation provided promising results, demonstrating the potential for the model to assist in legal matters within Bangladesh. Conclusion: Our work represents the first structured effort toward building an AI-based legal assistant for Bangladesh. While the results are encouraging, further refinements are necessary to improve the model's accuracy, credibility, and safety. This is a significant step toward creating a legal AI capable of serving the needs of a population of 180 million.