# DM-Codec: Distilling Multimodal Representations for Speech Tokenization

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.15017 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.15017/

## Key facts

- Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 47 of its 63 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 19 Oct 2024.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 47)

- [BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.04805/) (2018)
- [Language Models are Few-Shot Learners](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.14165/) (2020)
- [LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.13971/) (2023)
- [Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak Supervision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.04356/) (2022)
- [wav2vec 2.0: A Framework for Self-Supervised Learning of Speech Representations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.11477/) (2020)
- [HuBERT: Self-Supervised Speech Representation Learning by Masked Prediction of Hidden Units](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.07447/) (2021)
- [WavLM: Large-Scale Self-Supervised Pre-Training for Full Stack Speech Processing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.13900/) (2021)
- [HiFi-GAN: Generative Adversarial Networks for Efficient and High Fidelity Speech Synthesis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.05646/) (2020)
- [SoundStream: An End-to-End Neural Audio Codec](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.03312/) (2021)
- [Neural Codec Language Models are Zero-Shot Text to Speech Synthesizers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.02111/) (2023)
- [LibriTTS: A Corpus Derived from LibriSpeech for Text-to-Speech](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.02882/) (2019)
- [AudioLM: a Language Modeling Approach to Audio Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.03143/) (2022)
- [Moshi: a speech-text foundation model for real-time dialogue](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.00037/) (2024)
- [Conditional Variational Autoencoder with Adversarial Learning for End-to-End Text-to-Speech](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.06103/) (2021)
- [SpeechGPT: Empowering Large Language Models with Intrinsic Cross-Modal Conversational Abilities](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.11000/) (2023)
- [High-Fidelity Audio Compression with Improved RVQGAN](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.06546/) (2023)
- [W2v-BERT: Combining Contrastive Learning and Masked Language Modeling for Self-Supervised Speech Pre-Training](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.06209/) (2021)
- [AudioPaLM: A Large Language Model That Can Speak and Listen](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.12925/) (2023)
- [vq-wav2vec: Self-Supervised Learning of Discrete Speech Representations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.05453/) (2019)
- [CosyVoice: A Scalable Multilingual Zero-shot Text-to-speech Synthesizer based on Supervised Semantic Tokens](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.05407/) (2024)
- [How Good is Your Tokenizer? On the Monolingual Performance of Multilingual Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2012.15613/) (2020)
- [Revealing the Dark Secrets of BERT](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.08593/) (2019)
- [NaturalSpeech 3: Zero-Shot Speech Synthesis with Factorized Codec and Diffusion Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.03100/) (2024)
- [DistilHuBERT: Speech Representation Learning by Layer-wise Distillation of Hidden-unit BERT](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.01900/) (2021)
- [Generative Spoken Dialogue Language Modeling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.16502/) (2022)
- [Text-Free Prosody-Aware Generative Spoken Language Modeling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.03264/) (2021)
- [Textually Pretrained Speech Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.13009/) (2023)
- [HiFi-Codec: Group-residual Vector quantization for High Fidelity Audio Codec](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.02765/) (2023)
- [SpeechTokenizer: Unified Speech Tokenizer for Speech Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.16692/) (2023)
- [Libriheavy: a 50,000 hours ASR corpus with punctuation casing and context](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.08105/) (2023)

## Built on by (most cited first, 5 of 5)

- [TASTE: Text-Aligned Speech Tokenization and Embedding for Spoken Language Modeling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.07053/) (2025)
- [ProsodyLM: Uncovering the Emerging Prosody Processing Capabilities in Speech Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.20091/) (2025)
- [TASTE-Streaming: Towards Streamable Text-Aligned Speech Tokenization and Embedding for Spoken Language Modeling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.12350/) (2026)
- [FuseCodec: Semantic-Contextual Fusion and Supervision for Neural Codecs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.11425/) (2025)
- [Which Speech Representation Better Matches Text-Native Reasoning? A Study of Speech-Text Alignment on Frame Rate and Representation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.12199/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Recent advancements in speech-language models have yielded significant improvements in speech tokenization and synthesis. However, effectively mapping the complex, multidimensional attributes of speech into discrete tokens remains challenging. This process demands acoustic, semantic, and contextual information for precise speech representations. Existing speech representations generally fall into two categories: acoustic tokens from audio codecs and semantic tokens from speech self-supervised learning models. Although recent efforts have unified acoustic and semantic tokens for improved performance, they overlook the crucial role of contextual representation in comprehensive speech modeling. Our empirical investigations reveal that the absence of contextual representations results in elevated Word Error Rate (WER) and Word Information Lost (WIL) scores in speech transcriptions. To address these limitations, we propose two novel distillation approaches: (1) a language model (LM)-guided distillation method that incorporates contextual information, and (2) a combined LM and self-supervised speech model (SM)-guided distillation technique that effectively distills multimodal representations (acoustic, semantic, and contextual) into a comprehensive speech tokenizer, termed DM-Codec. The DM-Codec architecture adopts a streamlined encoder-decoder framework with a Residual Vector Quantizer (RVQ) and incorporates the LM and SM during the training process. Experiments show DM-Codec significantly outperforms state-of-the-art speech tokenization models, reducing WER by up to 13.46%, WIL by 9.82%, and improving speech quality by 5.84% and intelligibility by 1.85% on the LibriSpeech benchmark dataset. Code, samples, and checkpoints are available at https://github.com/mubtasimahasan/DM-Codec.