# Wireless Human-Machine Collaboration in Industry 5.0

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.14153 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.14153/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 15 of its 64 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 18 Oct 2024.

## Builds on (most cited first, 15 of 15)

- [Over-the-Air Computation Systems: Optimization, Analysis and Scaling Laws](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1909.00329/) (2019)
- [Wireless Network Design for Control Systems: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1708.07353/) (2017)
- [Remote State Estimation with Smart Sensors over Markov Fading Channels](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.07871/) (2020)
- [DRL-based Resource Allocation in Remote State Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.12267/) (2022)
- [Formalizing and Guaranteeing* Human-Robot Interaction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.16732/) (2020)
- [Structure-Enhanced DRL for Optimal Transmission Scheduling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.12704/) (2022)
- [Wireless Networked Control Systems with Coding-Free Data Transmission for Industrial IoT](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.13297/) (2019)
- [Wireless Feedback Control with Variable Packet Length for Industrial IoT](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.13321/) (2020)
- [Stability Conditions for Remote State Estimation of Multiple Systems over Multiple Markov Fading Channels](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.04181/) (2021)
- [Real-Time Remote Estimation with Hybrid ARQ in Wireless Networked Control](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1903.12472/) (2019)
- [Anytime Control under Practical Communication Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2012.00962/) (2020)
- [Anytime Control using Input Sequences with Markovian Processor Availability](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1405.0751/) (2014)
- [Stability analysis of event-triggered anytime control with multiple control laws](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1804.07876/) (2018)
- [Behavioral Economics for Human-in-the-loop Control Systems Design: Overconfidence and the hot hand fallacy](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2007.15869/) (2020)
- [Performance Analysis and Optimization of NOMA with HARQ for Short Packet Communications in Massive IoT](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.00708/) (2020)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Wireless Human-Machine Collaboration (WHMC) represents a critical advancement for Industry 5.0, enabling seamless interaction between humans and machines across geographically distributed systems. As the WHMC systems become increasingly important for achieving complex collaborative control tasks, ensuring their stability is essential for practical deployment and long-term operation. Stability analysis certifies how the closed-loop system will behave under model randomness, which is essential for systems operating with wireless communications. However, the fundamental stability analysis of the WHMC systems remains an unexplored challenge due to the intricate interplay between the stochastic nature of wireless communications, dynamic human operations, and the inherent complexities of control system dynamics. This paper establishes a fundamental WHMC model incorporating dual wireless loops for machine and human control. Our framework accounts for practical factors such as short-packet transmissions, fading channels, and advanced HARQ schemes. We model human control lag as a Markov process, which is crucial for capturing the stochastic nature of human interactions. Building on this model, we propose a stochastic cycle-cost-based approach to derive a stability condition for the WHMC system, expressed in terms of wireless channel statistics, human dynamics, and control parameters. Our findings are validated through extensive numerical simulations and a proof-of-concept experiment, where we developed and tested a novel wireless collaborative cart-pole control system. The results confirm the effectiveness of our approach and provide a robust framework for future research on WHMC systems in more complex environments.