# Enhancing In-vehicle Multiple Object Tracking Systems with Embeddable Ising Machines

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.14093 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.14093/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 24 of its 73 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 18 Oct 2024.

## Builds on (most cited first, 24 of 24)

- [You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1506.02640/) (2015)
- [nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous driving](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1903.11027/) (2019)
- [YOLO9000: Better, Faster, Stronger](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1612.08242/) (2016)
- [Simple Online and Realtime Tracking with a Deep Association Metric](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.07402/) (2017)
- [Simple Online and Realtime Tracking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1602.00763/) (2016)
- [ByteTrack: Multi-Object Tracking by Associating Every Detection Box](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.06864/) (2021)
- [ORB-SLAM2: an Open-Source SLAM System for Monocular, Stereo and RGB-D Cameras](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1610.06475/) (2016)
- [HOTA: A Higher Order Metric for Evaluating Multi-Object Tracking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2009.07736/) (2020)
- [MOT16: A Benchmark for Multi-Object Tracking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1603.00831/) (2016)
- [FairMOT: On the Fairness of Detection and Re-Identification in Multiple Object Tracking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.01888/) (2020)
- [A Survey of Autonomous Driving: Common Practices and Emerging Technologies](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1906.05113/) (2019)
- [Towards Real-Time Multi-Object Tracking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1909.12605/) (2019)
- [Ising formulations of many NP problems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1302.5843/) (2013)
- [MOTChallenge 2015: Towards a Benchmark for Multi-Target Tracking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1504.01942/) (2015)
- [TransMOT: Spatial-Temporal Graph Transformer for Multiple Object Tracking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.00194/) (2021)
- [Do Different Tracking Tasks Require Different Appearance Models?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.02156/) (2021)
- [GIAOTracker: A comprehensive framework for MCMOT with global information and optimizing strategies in VisDrone 2021](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.11983/) (2022)
- [Traffic flow optimization using a quantum annealer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1708.01625/) (2017)
- [Massively Parallel Probabilistic Computing with Sparse Ising Machines](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.02481/) (2021)
- [Adiabatic Quantum Computing for Multi Object Tracking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.08837/) (2022)
- [Control of automated guided vehicles without collision by quantum annealer and digital devices](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.01532/) (2018)
- [Simulated bifurcation for higher-order cost functions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.09296/) (2022)
- [Correlation-diversified portfolio construction by finding maximum independent set in large-scale market graph](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.04769/) (2023)
- [Efficient and Scalable Architecture for Multiple-chip Implementation of Simulated Bifurcation Machines](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.17370/) (2023)

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [Real-Time Black-Box Optimization for Dynamic Discrete Environments Using Embedded Ising Machines](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.16924/) (2025)
- [Machine Learning-assisted High-speed Combinatorial Optimization with Ising Machines for Dynamically Changing Problems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.23966/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

A cognitive function of tracking multiple objects, needed in autonomous mobile vehicles, comprises object detection and their temporal association. While great progress owing to machine learning has been recently seen for elaborating the similarity matrix between the objects that have been recognized and the objects detected in a current video frame, less for the assignment problem that finally determines the temporal association, which is a combinatorial optimization problem. Here we show an in-vehicle multiple object tracking system with a flexible assignment function for tracking through multiple long-term occlusion events. To solve the flexible assignment problem formulated as a nondeterministic polynomial time-hard problem, the system relies on an embeddable Ising machine based on a quantum-inspired algorithm called simulated bifurcation. Using a vehicle-mountable computing platform, we demonstrate a realtime system-wide throughput (23 frames per second on average) with the enhanced functionality.