# Game of Coding: Sybil Resistant Decentralized Machine Learning with Minimal Trust Assumption

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.05540 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.05540/

## Key facts

- Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 6 of its 21 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 7 Oct 2024.

## Builds on (most cited first, 6 of 6)

- [Lagrange Coded Computing: Optimal Design for Resiliency, Security and Privacy](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1806.00939/) (2018)
- [VeriML: Enabling Integrity Assurances and Fair Payments for Machine Learning as a Service](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1909.06961/) (2019)
- [Zero-Knowledge Proof-based Verifiable Decentralized Machine Learning in Communication Network: A Comprehensive Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.14848/) (2023)
- [SoK: Oracles from the Ground Truth to Market Manipulation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.00667/) (2021)
- [SoK: Blockchain Technology and Its Potential Use Cases](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1909.12454/) (2019)
- ["Zero Cost'' Majority Attacks on Permissionless Blockchains](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.06568/) (2023)

## Built on by (most cited first, 5 of 5)

- [Game of Coding With an Unknown Adversary](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.07109/) (2025)
- [Game of Coding: Coding Theory in the Presence of Rational Adversaries, Motivated by Decentralized Machine Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.02313/) (2026)
- [Adversarial Robustness of Nonparametric Regression](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.17356/) (2025)
- [mathsfVISTA: Decentralized Machine Learning in Adversary Dominated Environments](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.07841/) (2026)
- [Learning from Acceptance: Cumulative Regret in the Game of Coding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.09754/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Coding theory plays a crucial role in ensuring data integrity and reliability across various domains, from communication to computation and storage systems. However, its reliance on trust assumptions for data recovery, which requires the number of honest nodes to exceed adversarial nodes by a certain margin, poses significant challenges, particularly in emerging decentralized systems where trust is a scarce resource. To address this, the game of coding framework was introduced, offering insights into strategies for data recovery within incentive-oriented environments. In such environments, participant nodes are rewarded as long as the system remains functional (live). This incentivizes adversaries to maximize their rewards (utility) by ensuring that the decoder, as the data collector (DC), successfully recovers the data, preferably with a high estimation error. This rational behavior is leveraged in a game-theoretic framework, where the equilibrium leads to a robust and resilient system, referred to as the game of coding. The focus of the earliest version of the game of coding was limited to scenarios involving only two nodes. In this paper, we generalize the game of coding framework to scenarios with N ≥ 2 nodes, exploring critical aspects of system behavior. Specifically, we (i) demonstrate that the adversary's utility at equilibrium is non-increasing with additional adversarial nodes, ensuring no gain for the adversary and no pain for the DC, thus establishing the game of coding framework's Sybil resistance; (ii) show that increasing the number of honest nodes does not always enhance the DC's utility, providing examples and proposing an algorithm to identify and mitigate this counterintuitive effect; and (iii) outline the optimal strategies for both the DC and the adversary, demonstrating that the system achieves enhanced liveness at equilibrium.