# Over-the-Air Federated Learning via Weighted Aggregation

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.07822 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.07822/

## Key facts

- Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 23 of its 39 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 12 Sep 2024.

## Builds on (most cited first, 23 of 23)

- [Communication-Efficient Learning of Deep Networks from Decentralized Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1602.05629/) (2016)
- [Convex optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.01946/) (2021)
- [Federated Learning: Challenges, Methods, and Future Directions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.07873/) (2019)
- [Federated Learning via Over-the-Air Computation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.11750/) (2018)
- [Broadband Analog Aggregation for Low-Latency Federated Edge Learning (Extended Version)](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.11494/) (2018)
- [Federated Learning over Wireless Fading Channels](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.09769/) (2019)
- [One-Bit Over-the-Air Aggregation for Communication-Efficient Federated Edge Learning: Design and Convergence Analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.05713/) (2020)
- [On Analog Gradient Descent Learning over Multiple Access Fading Channels](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.07463/) (2019)
- [Optimized Power Control Design for Over-the-Air Federated Edge Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.09316/) (2021)
- [Blind Federated Edge Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.10030/) (2020)
- [Federated Learning via Intelligent Reflecting Surface](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2011.05051/) (2020)
- [Cost-Effective Federated Learning in Mobile Edge Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.05411/) (2021)
- [A Survey on Over-the-Air Computation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.11350/) (2022)
- [Joint Device Selection and Power Control for Wireless Federated Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.09306/) (2022)
- [Robust and Communication-Efficient Collaborative Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.10595/) (2019)
- [Turning Channel Noise into an Accelerator for Over-the-Air Principal Component Analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.10095/) (2021)
- [Accelerated Gradient Descent Learning over Multiple Access Fading Channels](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.12452/) (2021)
- [Scalable Hierarchical Over-the-Air Federated Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.16162/) (2022)
- [Wirelessly Powered Federated Edge Learning: Optimal Tradeoffs Between Convergence and Power Transfer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.12357/) (2021)
- [Joint Age-based Client Selection and Resource Allocation for Communication-Efficient Federated Learning over NOMA Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.08996/) (2023)
- [Hierarchical Over-the-Air Federated Learning with Awareness of Interference and Data Heterogeneity](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.01442/) (2024)
- [Federated Learning via Lattice Joint Source-Channel Coding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.01023/) (2024)
- [Compute-Update Federated Learning: A Lattice Coding Approach Over-the-Air](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.06343/) (2024)

## Built on by (most cited first, 5 of 5)

- [Over-the-Air Federated Learning: Rethinking Edge AI Through Signal Processing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.03719/) (2025)
- [Out-of-Air Computation: Enabling Structured Function Extraction from Wireless Superposition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.04312/) (2026)
- [Resource-Element Energy Difference for Noncoherent Over-the-Air Federated Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.07263/) (2026)
- [AirPASS: Over-the-Air Federated Learning via Pinching Antenna Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.06768/) (2026)
- [AirGC-CD: Gaussian-Circulant Precoding for Exactly Debiasable PAPR Reduction in Over-the-Air Federated Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.23084/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

This paper introduces a new federated learning scheme that leverages over-the-air computation. A novel feature of this scheme is the proposal to employ adaptive weights during aggregation, a facet treated as predefined in other over-the-air schemes. This can mitigate the impact of wireless channel conditions on learning performance, without needing channel state information at transmitter side (CSIT). We provide a mathematical methodology to derive the convergence bound for the proposed scheme in the context of computational heterogeneity and general loss functions, supplemented with design insights. Accordingly, we propose aggregation cost metrics and efficient algorithms to find optimized weights for the aggregation. Finally, through numerical experiments, we validate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Even with the challenges posed by channel conditions and device heterogeneity, the proposed scheme surpasses other over-the-air strategies by an accuracy improvement of 15% over the scheme using CSIT and 30% compared to the one without CSIT.