# Efficient Privacy-Preserving KAN Inference Using Homomorphic Encryption

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.07751 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.07751/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 13 of its 33 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 12 Sep 2024.

## Builds on (most cited first, 13 of 13)

- [Fashion-MNIST: a Novel Image Dataset for Benchmarking Machine Learning Algorithms](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1708.07747/) (2017)
- [Gazelle: A Low Latency Framework for Secure Neural Network Inference](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1801.05507/) (2018)
- [U-KAN Makes Strong Backbone for Medical Image Segmentation and Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.02918/) (2024)
- [Low Latency Privacy Preserving Inference](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.10659/) (2018)
- [TenSEAL: A Library for Encrypted Tensor Operations Using Homomorphic Encryption](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.03152/) (2021)
- [Faster CryptoNets: Leveraging Sparsity for Real-World Encrypted Inference](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1811.09953/) (2018)
- [Survey: Leakage and Privacy at Inference Time](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.01614/) (2021)
- [Enhancing Graph Collaborative Filtering with FourierKAN Feature Transformation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.01034/) (2024)
- [GraphKAN: Enhancing Feature Extraction with Graph Kolmogorov Arnold Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.13597/) (2024)
- [Converting Transformers to Polynomial Form for Secure Inference Over Homomorphic Encryption](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.08610/) (2023)
- [AutoFHE: Automated Adaption of CNNs for Efficient Evaluation over FHE](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.08012/) (2023)
- [HETAL: Efficient Privacy-preserving Transfer Learning with Homomorphic Encryption](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.14111/) (2024)
- [CryptoGCN: Fast and Scalable Homomorphically Encrypted Graph Convolutional Network Inference](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.11904/) (2022)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The recently proposed Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KANs) offer enhanced interpretability and greater model expressiveness. However, KANs also present challenges related to privacy leakage during inference. Homomorphic encryption (HE) facilitates privacy-preserving inference for deep learning models, enabling resource-limited users to benefit from deep learning services while ensuring data security. Yet, the complex structure of KANs, incorporating nonlinear elements like the SiLU activation function and B-spline functions, renders existing privacy-preserving inference techniques inadequate. To address this issue, we propose an accurate and efficient privacy-preserving inference scheme tailored for KANs. Our approach introduces a task-specific polynomial approximation for the SiLU activation function, dynamically adjusting the approximation range to ensure high accuracy on real-world datasets. Additionally, we develop an efficient method for computing B-spline functions within the HE domain, leveraging techniques such as repeat packing, lazy combination, and comparison functions. We evaluate the effectiveness of our privacy-preserving KAN inference scheme on both symbolic formula evaluation and image classification. The experimental results show that our model achieves accuracy comparable to plaintext KANs across various datasets and outperforms plaintext MLPs. Additionally, on the CIFAR-10 dataset, our inference latency achieves over 7 times speedup compared to the naive method.