# Towards Patronizing and Condescending Language in Chinese Videos: A Multimodal Dataset and Detector

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.05005 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.05005/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 11 of its 27 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 8 Sep 2024.

## Builds on (most cited first, 11 of 11)

- [An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.11929/) (2020)
- [VideoMAE: Masked Autoencoders are Data-Efficient Learners for Self-Supervised Video Pre-Training](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.12602/) (2022)
- [Joint Face Detection and Alignment using Multi-task Cascaded Convolutional Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1604.02878/) (2016)
- [HateXplain: A Benchmark Dataset for Explainable Hate Speech Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2012.10289/) (2020)
- [Revisiting Pre-Trained Models for Chinese Natural Language Processing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.13922/) (2020)
- [Facilitating Fine-grained Detection of Chinese Toxic Language: Hierarchical Taxonomy, Resources, and Benchmarks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.04446/) (2023)
- [HateMM: A Multi-Modal Dataset for Hate Video Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.03915/) (2023)
- [TalkDown: A Corpus for Condescension Detection in Context](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1909.11272/) (2019)
- [Don't Patronize Me! An Annotated Dataset with Patronizing and Condescending Language towards Vulnerable Communities](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2011.08320/) (2020)
- [ToxVidLM: A Multimodal Framework for Toxicity Detection in Code-Mixed Videos](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.20628/) (2024)
- [BEIKE NLP at SemEval-2022 Task 4: Prompt-Based Paragraph Classification for Patronizing and Condescending Language Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.01312/) (2022)

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [MM-HSD: Multi-Modal Hate Speech Detection in Videos](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.20546/) (2025)
- [Decoding Multimodal Cues: Unveiling the Implicit Meaning Behind Hateful Videos](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.11953/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Patronizing and Condescending Language (PCL) is a form of discriminatory toxic speech targeting vulnerable groups, threatening both online and offline safety. While toxic speech research has mainly focused on overt toxicity, such as hate speech, microaggressions in the form of PCL remain underexplored. Additionally, dominant groups' discriminatory facial expressions and attitudes toward vulnerable communities can be more impactful than verbal cues, yet these frame features are often overlooked. In this paper, we introduce the PCLMM dataset, the first Chinese multimodal dataset for PCL, consisting of 715 annotated videos from Bilibili, with high-quality PCL facial frame spans. We also propose the MultiPCL detector, featuring a facial expression detection module for PCL recognition, demonstrating the effectiveness of modality complementarity in this challenging task. Our work makes an important contribution to advancing microaggression detection within the domain of toxic speech.