# Frequency-Spatial Entanglement Learning for Camouflaged Object Detection

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.01686 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.01686/

## Key facts

- Cited by 46 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 39 of its 60 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 3 Sep 2024.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 39)

- [Attention Is All You Need](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.03762/) (2017)
- [Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.03385/) (2015)
- [Swin Transformer: Hierarchical Vision Transformer using Shifted Windows](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.14030/) (2021)
- [Segment Anything](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.02643/) (2023)
- [End-to-End Object Detection with Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.12872/) (2020)
- [Feature Pyramid Networks for Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1612.03144/) (2016)
- [DeepLab: Semantic Image Segmentation with Deep Convolutional Nets, Atrous Convolution, and Fully Connected CRFs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1606.00915/) (2016)
- [Restormer: Efficient Transformer for High-Resolution Image Restoration](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.09881/) (2021)
- [Tokens-to-Token ViT: Training Vision Transformers from Scratch on ImageNet](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.11986/) (2021)
- [CvT: Introducing Convolutions to Vision Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.15808/) (2021)
- [PVT v2: Improved Baselines with Pyramid Vision Transformer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.13797/) (2021)
- [Res2Net: A New Multi-scale Backbone Architecture](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.01169/) (2019)
- [PraNet: Parallel Reverse Attention Network for Polyp Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.11392/) (2020)
- [OneFormer: One Transformer to Rule Universal Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.06220/) (2022)
- [Anabranch Network for Camouflaged Object Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.09451/) (2021)
- [Concealed Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.10274/) (2021)
- [Simultaneously Localize, Segment and Rank the Camouflaged Objects](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.04011/) (2021)
- [Inf-Net: Automatic COVID-19 Lung Infection Segmentation from CT Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.14133/) (2020)
- [FcaNet: Frequency Channel Attention Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2012.11879/) (2020)
- [Visual Saliency Transformer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.12099/) (2021)
- [EfficientViT: Memory Efficient Vision Transformer with Cascaded Group Attention](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.07027/) (2023)
- [Camouflaged Object Segmentation with Distraction Mining](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.10475/) (2021)
- [BiFormer: Vision Transformer with Bi-Level Routing Attention](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.08810/) (2023)
- [Zoom In and Out: A Mixed-scale Triplet Network for Camouflaged Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.02688/) (2022)
- [Receptive Field Block Net for Accurate and Fast Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1711.07767/) (2017)
- [Uncertainty-aware Joint Salient Object and Camouflaged Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.02628/) (2021)
- [Explicit Visual Prompting for Low-Level Structure Segmentations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.10883/) (2023)
- [Mutual Graph Learning for Camouflaged Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.02613/) (2021)
- [Feature Shrinkage Pyramid for Camouflaged Object Detection with Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.14816/) (2023)
- [Context-aware Cross-level Fusion Network for Camouflaged Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.12555/) (2021)

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 46)

- [RUN: Reversible Unfolding Network for Concealed Object Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.18783/) (2025)
- [Integrating Extra Modality Helps Segmentor Find Camouflaged Objects Well](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.14471/) (2025)
- [Improving SAM for Camouflaged Object Detection via Dual Stream Adapters](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.06042/) (2025)
- [Reversible Unfolding Network for Concealed Visual Perception with Generative Refinement](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.15027/) (2025)
- [GLCONet: Learning Multi-source Perception Representation for Camouflaged Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.09588/) (2024)
- [M4-SAR: A Multi-Resolution, Multi-Polarization, Multi-Scene, Multi-Source Dataset and Benchmark for optical-SAR Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.10931/) (2025)
- [Controllable-LPMoE: Adapting to Challenging Object Segmentation via Dynamic Local Priors from Mixture-of-Experts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.21114/) (2025)
- [United Domain Cognition Network for Salient Object Detection in Optical Remote Sensing Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.06703/) (2024)
- [CGCOD: Class-Guided Camouflaged Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.18977/) (2024)
- [Deep Learning in Concealed Dense Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.10979/) (2025)
- [SCALER: SAM-Enhanced Collaborative Learning for Label-Deficient Concealed Object Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.18136/) (2025)
- [DifferSeg: Towards Diverse Multimodal Binary Segmentation via Differential Perception and Frequency Guidance](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.08906/) (2026)
- [Dual-Perspective United Transformer for Object Segmentation in Optical Remote Sensing Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.21866/) (2025)
- [Refining Context-Entangled Content Segmentation via Curriculum Selection and Anti-Curriculum Promotion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.01183/) (2026)
- [FICGen: Frequency-Inspired Contextual Disentanglement for Layout-driven Degraded Image Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.01107/) (2025)
- [Mamba Capsule Routing Towards Part-Whole Relational Camouflaged Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.03987/) (2024)
- [Stepwise Decomposition and Dual-stream Focus: A Novel Approach for Training-free Camouflaged Object Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.06818/) (2025)
- [Debate-Enhanced Pseudo Labeling and Frequency-Aware Progressive Debiasing for Weakly-Supervised Camouflaged Object Detection with Scribble Annotations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.20260/) (2025)
- [Toward Realistic Camouflaged Object Detection: Benchmarks and Method](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.07297/) (2025)
- [FMNet: Frequency-Assisted Mamba-Like Linear Attention Network for Camouflaged Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.11030/) (2025)
- [Salient Object Detection in Traffic Scene through the TSOD10K Dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.16910/) (2025)
- [C3Net: Context-Contrast Network for Camouflaged Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.12627/) (2025)
- [YUV20K: A Complexity-Driven Benchmark and Trajectory-Aware Alignment Model for Video Camouflaged Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.09985/) (2026)
- [MSVCOD:A Large-Scale Multi-Scene Dataset for Video Camouflage Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.13859/) (2025)
- [CamoSAM2: SAM2-oriented Prompt Auto-Refinement for Video Camouflaged Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.00375/) (2025)
- [UHKD: A Unified Framework for Heterogeneous Knowledge Distillation via Frequency-Domain Representations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.24116/) (2025)
- [RealCamo: Boosting Real Camouflage Synthesis with Layout Controls and Textual-Visual Guidance](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.22974/) (2025)
- [CAMotion: A High-Quality Benchmark for Camouflaged Moving Object Detection in the Wild](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.08287/) (2026)
- [ASGNet: Adaptive Spectrum Guidance Network for Automatic Polyp Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.14755/) (2026)
- [B-GRTO: Bootstrapped Group Relative Tool Optimization for Referring Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.23500/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Camouflaged object detection has attracted a lot of attention in computer vision. The main challenge lies in the high degree of similarity between camouflaged objects and their surroundings in the spatial domain, making identification difficult. Existing methods attempt to reduce the impact of pixel similarity by maximizing the distinguishing ability of spatial features with complicated design, but often ignore the sensitivity and locality of features in the spatial domain, leading to sub-optimal results. In this paper, we propose a new approach to address this issue by jointly exploring the representation in the frequency and spatial domains, introducing the Frequency-Spatial Entanglement Learning (FSEL) method. This method consists of a series of well-designed Entanglement Transformer Blocks (ETB) for representation learning, a Joint Domain Perception Module for semantic enhancement, and a Dual-domain Reverse Parser for feature integration in the frequency and spatial domains. Specifically, the ETB utilizes frequency self-attention to effectively characterize the relationship between different frequency bands, while the entanglement feed-forward network facilitates information interaction between features of different domains through entanglement learning. Our extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority of our FSEL over 21 state-of-the-art methods, through comprehensive quantitative and qualitative comparisons in three widely-used datasets. The source code is available at: https://github.com/CSYSI/FSEL.