# Development of Occupancy Prediction Algorithm for Underground Parking Lots

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.00923 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.00923/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 27 of its 35 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 2 Sep 2024.

## Builds on (most cited first, 27 of 27)

- [Attention Is All You Need](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.03762/) (2017)
- [Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.03385/) (2015)
- [End-to-End Object Detection with Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.12872/) (2020)
- [Feature Pyramid Networks for Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1612.03144/) (2016)
- [Deformable DETR: Deformable Transformers for End-to-End Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.04159/) (2020)
- [BEVFormer: Learning Bird's-Eye-View Representation from Multi-Camera Images via Spatiotemporal Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.17270/) (2022)
- [DETR3D: 3D Object Detection from Multi-view Images via 3D-to-2D Queries](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.06922/) (2021)
- [Semantic Scene Completion from a Single Depth Image](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1611.08974/) (2016)
- [Tri-Perspective View for Vision-Based 3D Semantic Occupancy Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.07817/) (2023)
- [MonoScene: Monocular 3D Semantic Scene Completion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.00726/) (2021)
- [SurroundOcc: Multi-Camera 3D Occupancy Prediction for Autonomous Driving](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.09551/) (2023)
- [VoxFormer: Sparse Voxel Transformer for Camera-based 3D Semantic Scene Completion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.12251/) (2023)
- [OpenOccupancy: A Large Scale Benchmark for Surrounding Semantic Occupancy Perception](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.03991/) (2023)
- [LMSCNet: Lightweight Multiscale 3D Semantic Completion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2008.10559/) (2020)
- [M2BEV: Multi-Camera Joint 3D Detection and Segmentation with Unified Birds-Eye View Representation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.05088/) (2022)
- [Semantic Scene Completion using Local Deep Implicit Functions on LiDAR Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2011.09141/) (2020)
- [Time Efficiency in Optimization with a Bayesian-Evolutionary Algorithm](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.04166/) (2020)
- [Vision-Based Human Pose Estimation via Deep Learning: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.13872/) (2023)
- [Learning Directed Locomotion in Modular Robots with Evolvable Morphologies](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.07804/) (2020)
- [Learning Locomotion Skills in Evolvable Robots](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.09531/) (2020)
- [A Semantic Web Technology Index](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.07034/) (2022)
- [Class Binarization to NeuroEvolution for Multiclass Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.13876/) (2023)
- [End-To-End Planning of Autonomous Driving in Industry and Academia: 2022-2023](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.08658/) (2023)
- [A Virtual Reality Training System for Automotive Engines Assembly and Disassembly](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.02108/) (2023)
- [The Key Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Early Childhood Education: A Review](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.05403/) (2023)
- [SUSTechGAN: Image Generation for Object Detection in Adverse Conditions of Autonomous Driving](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.01430/) (2024)
- [DIR-BHRNet: A Lightweight Network for Real-time Vision-based Multi-person Pose Estimation on Smartphones](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.13777/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The core objective of this study is to address the perception challenges faced by autonomous driving in adverse environments like basements. Initially, this paper commences with data collection in an underground garage. A simulated underground garage model is established within the CARLA simulation environment, and SemanticKITTI format occupancy ground truth data is collected in this simulated setting. Subsequently, the study integrates a Transformer-based Occupancy Network model to complete the occupancy grid prediction task within this scenario. A comprehensive BEV perception framework is designed to enhance the accuracy of neural network models in dimly lit, challenging autonomous driving environments. Finally, experiments validate the accuracy of the proposed solution's perception performance in basement scenarios. The proposed solution is tested on our self-constructed underground garage dataset, SUSTech-COE-ParkingLot, yielding satisfactory results.