# Comparing diversity, negativity, and stereotypes in Chinese-language AI technologies: an investigation of Baidu, Ernie and Qwen

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.15696 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.15696/

## Key facts

- Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 28 Aug 2024.

## Built on by (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [Evaluating open-source Large Language Models for automated fact-checking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.05565/) (2025)
- [Evaluating Chinese Large Language Models: The Influence of Persona Assignment on Stereotypes and Safeguards](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.04975/) (2025)
- [Analyzing the Safety of Japanese Large Language Models in Stereotype-Triggering Prompts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.01947/) (2025)
- [Probing Social Identity Bias in Chinese LLMs with Gendered Pronouns and Social Groups](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.06974/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Large Language Models (LLMs) and search engines have the potential to perpetuate biases and stereotypes by amplifying existing prejudices in their training data and algorithmic processes, thereby influencing public perception and decision-making. While most work has focused on Western-centric AI technologies, we study Chinese-based tools by investigating social biases embedded in the major Chinese search engine, Baidu, and two leading LLMs, Ernie and Qwen. Leveraging a dataset of 240 social groups across 13 categories describing Chinese society, we collect over 30k views encoded in the aforementioned tools by prompting them for candidate words describing such groups. We find that language models exhibit a larger variety of embedded views compared to the search engine, although Baidu and Qwen generate negative content more often than Ernie. We also find a moderate prevalence of stereotypes embedded in the language models, many of which potentially promote offensive and derogatory views. Our work highlights the importance of promoting fairness and inclusivity in AI technologies with a global perspective.