# Grounding Fallacies Misrepresenting Scientific Publications in Evidence

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.12812 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.12812/

## Key facts

- Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 23 Aug 2024.

## Built on by (most cited first, 7 of 7)

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- [MisSynth: Improving MISSCI Logical Fallacies Classification with Synthetic Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.26345/) (2025)
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- [How Ethos and Pathos Appeals Resonate in Reader Interpretations of Social Media Messages](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.00873/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Health-related misinformation claims often falsely cite a credible biomedical publication as evidence. These publications only superficially seem to support the false claim, when logical fallacies are applied. In this work, we aim to detect and to highlight such fallacies, which requires assessing the exact content of the misrepresented publications. To achieve this, we introduce MissciPlus, an extension of the fallacy detection dataset Missci. MissciPlus extends Missci by grounding the applied fallacies in real-world passages from misrepresented studies. This creates a realistic test-bed for detecting and verbalizing fallacies under real-world input conditions, and enables new and realistic passage-retrieval tasks. MissciPlus is the first logical fallacy dataset which pairs the real-world misrepresented evidence with incorrect claims, identical to the input to evidence-based fact-checking models. With MissciPlus, we i) benchmark retrieval models in identifying passages that support claims only with fallacious reasoning, ii) evaluate how well LLMs verbalize fallacious reasoning based on misrepresented scientific passages, and iii) assess the effectiveness of fact-checking models in refuting claims that misrepresent biomedical research. Our findings show that current fact-checking models struggle to use misrepresented scientific passages to refute misinformation. Moreover, these passages can mislead LLMs into accepting false claims as true.