# Solving QUBO on the Loihi 2 Neuromorphic Processor

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.03076 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.03076/

## Key facts

- Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 11 of its 45 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 6 Aug 2024.

## Builds on (most cited first, 11 of 11)

- [Ising formulations of many NP problems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1302.5843/) (2013)
- [Efficient Neuromorphic Signal Processing with Loihi 2](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.03746/) (2021)
- [NeuroBench: A Framework for Benchmarking Neuromorphic Computing Algorithms and Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.04640/) (2023)
- [Portfolio Optimisation Using the D-Wave Quantum Annealer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2012.01121/) (2020)
- [Neuromorphic quadratic programming for efficient and scalable model predictive control](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.14885/) (2024)
- [Benchmark of quantum-inspired heuristic solvers for quadratic unconstrained binary optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.14096/) (2021)
- [Spiking Analog VLSI Neuron Assemblies as Constraint Satisfaction Problem Solvers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1511.00540/) (2015)
- [Efficient and Scalable Architecture for Multiple-chip Implementation of Simulated Bifurcation Machines](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.17370/) (2023)
- [Sampling binary sparse coding QUBO models using a spiking neuromorphic processor](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.01940/) (2023)
- [Quantum Quantitative Trading: High-Frequency Statistical Arbitrage Algorithm](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.14214/) (2021)
- [An Optimization Case Study for solving a Transport Robot Scheduling Problem on Quantum-Hybrid and Quantum-Inspired Hardware](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.09736/) (2023)

## Built on by (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [A Diagonal Structured State Space Model on Loihi 2 for Efficient Streaming Sequence Processing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.15022/) (2024)
- [Neuromorphic-based metaheuristics: A new generation of low power, low latency and small footprint optimization algorithms](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.16362/) (2025)
- [Event-driven Robust Fitting on Neuromorphic Hardware](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.09466/) (2025)
- [Robust PnP on a Neuromorphic Processor for Object Pose Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.16834/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

In this article, we describe an algorithm for solving Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization problems on the Intel Loihi 2 neuromorphic processor. The solver is based on a hardware-aware fine-grained parallel simulated annealing algorithm developed for Intel's neuromorphic research chip Loihi 2. Preliminary results show that our approach can generate feasible solutions in as little as 1 ms and up to 37x more energy efficient compared to two baseline solvers running on a CPU. These advantages could be especially relevant for size-, weight-, and power-constrained edge computing applications.