# Graphite: A Graph-based Extreme Multi-Label Short Text Classifier for Keyphrase Recommendation

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.20462 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.20462/

## Key facts

- Cited by 6 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 11 of its 25 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 29 Jul 2024.

## Builds on (most cited first, 11 of 11)

- [BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.04805/) (2018)
- [Language Models are Few-Shot Learners](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.14165/) (2020)
- [Enriching Word Vectors with Subword Information](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1607.04606/) (2016)
- [Bag of Tricks for Efficient Text Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1607.01759/) (2016)
- [FastText.zip: Compressing text classification models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1612.03651/) (2016)
- [Challenges and Applications of Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.10169/) (2023)
- [Deep Keyphrase Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1704.06879/) (2017)
- [AttentionXML: Label Tree-based Attention-Aware Deep Model for High-Performance Extreme Multi-Label Text Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1811.01727/) (2018)
- [KPTimes: A Large-Scale Dataset for Keyphrase Generation on News Documents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1911.12559/) (2019)
- [DeepXML: A Deep Extreme Multi-Label Learning Framework Applied to Short Text Documents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.06685/) (2021)
- [NGAME: Negative Mining-aware Mini-batching for Extreme Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.04452/) (2022)

## Built on by (most cited first, 6 of 6)

- [From Lazy to Prolific: Tackling Missing Labels in Open Vocabulary Extreme Classification by Positive-Unlabeled Sequence Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.08981/) (2024)
- [To Judge or not to Judge: Using LLM Judgements for Advertiser Keyphrase Relevance at eBay](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.04209/) (2025)
- [GraphEx: A Graph-based Extraction Method for Advertiser Keyphrase Recommendation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.03140/) (2024)
- [LLMDistill4Ads: Using Cross-Encoders to Distill from LLM Signals for Advertiser Keyphrase Recommendations at eBay](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.03628/) (2025)
- [Graph-Powered Defense: Controller Area Network Intrusion Detection for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.02539/) (2024)
- [BroadGen: A Framework for Generating Effective and Efficient Advertiser Broad Match Keyphrase Recommendations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.19164/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Keyphrase Recommendation has been a pivotal problem in advertising and e-commerce where advertisers/sellers are recommended keyphrases (search queries) to bid on to increase their sales. It is a challenging task due to the plethora of items shown on online platforms and various possible queries that users search while showing varying interest in the displayed items. Moreover, query/keyphrase recommendations need to be made in real-time and in a resource-constrained environment. This problem can be framed as an Extreme Multi-label (XML) Short text classification by tagging the input text with keywords as labels. Traditional neural network models are either infeasible or have slower inference latency due to large label spaces. We present Graphite, a graph-based classifier model that provides real-time keyphrase recommendations that are on par with standard text classification models. Furthermore, it doesn't utilize GPU resources, which can be limited in production environments. Due to its lightweight nature and smaller footprint, it can train on very large datasets, where state-of-the-art XML models fail due to extreme resource requirements. Graphite is deterministic, transparent, and intrinsically more interpretable than neural network-based models. We present a comprehensive analysis of our model's performance across forty categories spanning eBay's English-speaking sites.