# LAPIS: Language Model-Augmented Police Investigation System

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.20248 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.20248/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 17 of its 46 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 19 Jul 2024.

## Builds on (most cited first, 17 of 17)

- [Language Models are Few-Shot Learners](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2005.14165/) (2020)
- [PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathways](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.02311/) (2022)
- [Large Language Models Are Reasoning Teachers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.10071/) (2022)
- [LexGLUE: A Benchmark Dataset for Legal Language Understanding in English](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.00976/) (2021)
- [Analyzing Leakage of Personally Identifiable Information in Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.00539/) (2023)
- [Teaching Small Language Models to Reason](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.08410/) (2022)
- [Large Legal Fictions: Profiling Legal Hallucinations in Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.01301/) (2024)
- [Opportunities and Challenges for ChatGPT and Large Language Models in Biomedicine and Health](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.10070/) (2023)
- [Knowledge-Augmented Reasoning Distillation for Small Language Models in Knowledge-Intensive Tasks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.18395/) (2023)
- [Legal Prompting: Teaching a Language Model to Think Like a Lawyer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.01326/) (2022)
- [Legal Prompt Engineering for Multilingual Legal Judgement Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.02199/) (2022)
- [Legal Syllogism Prompting: Teaching Large Language Models for Legal Judgment Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.08321/) (2023)
- [ChatGPT may Pass the Bar Exam soon, but has a Long Way to Go for the LexGLUE benchmark](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.12202/) (2023)
- [Small Language Models Learn Enhanced Reasoning Skills from Medical Textbooks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.00376/) (2024)
- [Ethical ChatGPT: Concerns, Challenges, and Commandments](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.10646/) (2023)
- [Beyond Logic Programming for Legal Reasoning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.16632/) (2023)
- [A Bayesian Hierarchical Model for Criminal Investigations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.01894/) (2019)

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [Evaluating LLMs for Police Decision-Making: A Framework Based on Police Action Scenarios](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.03553/) (2026)
- [Before the Arrest: Benchmarking LLMs on Criminal Profiling from Incomplete Evidence](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.19965/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Crime situations are race against time. An AI-assisted criminal investigation system, providing prompt but precise legal counsel is in need for police officers. We introduce LAPIS (Language Model Augmented Police Investigation System), an automated system that assists police officers to perform rational and legal investigative actions. We constructed a finetuning dataset and retrieval knowledgebase specialized in crime investigation legal reasoning task. We extended the dataset's quality by incorporating manual curation efforts done by a group of domain experts. We then finetuned the pretrained weights of a smaller Korean language model to the newly constructed dataset and integrated it with the crime investigation knowledgebase retrieval approach. Experimental results show LAPIS' potential in providing reliable legal guidance for police officers, even better than the proprietary GPT-4 model. Qualitative analysis on the rationales generated by LAPIS demonstrate the model's reasoning ability to leverage the premises and derive legally correct conclusions.