# LML: A Novel Lexicon for the Moral Foundation of Liberty

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.11862 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.11862/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 12 of its 40 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 16 Jul 2024.

## Builds on (most cited first, 12 of 12)

- [Automated Hate Speech Detection and the Problem of Offensive Language](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.04009/) (2017)
- [Distributed Representations of Sentences and Documents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1405.4053/) (2014)
- [MoralStrength: Exploiting a Moral Lexicon and Embedding Similarity for Moral Foundations Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.08314/) (2019)
- [Moral Framing and Ideological Bias of News](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2009.12979/) (2020)
- [Generalized Word Shift Graphs: A Method for Visualizing and Explaining Pairwise Comparisons Between Texts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2008.02250/) (2020)
- [DepecheMood: a Lexicon for Emotion Analysis from Crowd-Annotated News](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1405.1605/) (2014)
- [DepecheMood++: a Bilingual Emotion Lexicon Built Through Simple Yet Powerful Techniques](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.03660/) (2018)
- [Moral Narratives Around the Vaccination Debate on Facebook](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.01598/) (2022)
- [LibertyMFD: A Lexicon to Assess the Moral Foundation of Liberty](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.06750/) (2022)
- [Authority without Care: Moral Values behind the Mask Mandate Response](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.12014/) (2023)
- [Modelling Moral Traits with Music Listening Preferences and Demographics](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.00349/) (2021)
- [Beyond the Headlines: Understanding Sentiments and Morals Impacting Female Employment in Spain](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.07339/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The moral value of liberty is a central concept in our inference system when it comes to taking a stance towards controversial social issues such as vaccine hesitancy, climate change, or the right to abortion. Here, we propose a novel Liberty lexicon evaluated on more than 3,000 manually annotated data both in in- and out-of-domain scenarios. As a result of this evaluation, we produce a combined lexicon that constitutes the main outcome of this work. This final lexicon incorporates information from an ensemble of lexicons that have been generated using word embedding similarity (WE) and compositional semantics (CS). Our key contributions include enriching the liberty annotations, developing a robust liberty lexicon for broader application, and revealing the complexity of expressions related to liberty across different platforms. Through the evaluation, we show that the difficulty of the task calls for designing approaches that combine knowledge, in an effort of improving the representations of learning systems.