# Learning Natural Consistency Representation for Face Forgery Video Detection

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.10550 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.10550/

## Key facts

- Cited by 26 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 48 of its 65 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 15 Jul 2024.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 48)

- [Attention Is All You Need](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1706.03762/) (2017)
- [Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1512.03385/) (2015)
- [An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.11929/) (2020)
- [A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2002.05709/) (2020)
- [Representation Learning with Contrastive Predictive Coding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1807.03748/) (2018)
- [Masked Autoencoders Are Scalable Vision Learners](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.06377/) (2021)
- [Grad-CAM: Visual Explanations from Deep Networks via Gradient-based Localization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1610.02391/) (2016)
- [Non-local Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1711.07971/) (2017)
- [Unsupervised Representation Learning by Predicting Image Rotations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1803.07728/) (2018)
- [Unsupervised Learning of Visual Representations by Solving Jigsaw Puzzles](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1603.09246/) (2016)
- [VideoMAE: Masked Autoencoders are Data-Efficient Learners for Self-Supervised Video Pre-Training](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.12602/) (2022)
- [SimMIM: A Simple Framework for Masked Image Modeling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.09886/) (2021)
- [Colorful Image Colorization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1603.08511/) (2016)
- [FaceForensics++: Learning to Detect Manipulated Facial Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1901.08971/) (2019)
- [VoxCeleb2: Deep Speaker Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1806.05622/) (2018)
- [Segmenter: Transformer for Semantic Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.05633/) (2021)
- [CNN-generated images are surprisingly easy to spot... for now](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.11035/) (2019)
- [Face2Face: Real-time Face Capture and Reenactment of RGB Videos](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2007.14808/) (2020)
- [Celeb-DF: A Large-scale Challenging Dataset for DeepFake Forensics](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1909.12962/) (2019)
- [Stand-Alone Self-Attention in Vision Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1906.05909/) (2019)
- [Thinking in Frequency: Face Forgery Detection by Mining Frequency-aware Clues](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2007.09355/) (2020)
- [Face X-ray for More General Face Forgery Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1912.13458/) (2019)
- [MesoNet: a Compact Facial Video Forgery Detection Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1809.00888/) (2018)
- [Detecting Deepfakes with Self-Blended Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.08376/) (2022)
- [Exposing DeepFake Videos By Detecting Face Warping Artifacts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1811.00656/) (2018)
- [Exposing Deep Fakes Using Inconsistent Head Poses](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1811.00661/) (2018)
- [Lips Don't Lie: A Generalisable and Robust Approach to Face Forgery Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2012.07657/) (2020)
- [What makes fake images detectable? Understanding properties that generalize](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2008.10588/) (2020)
- [DeeperForensics-1.0: A Large-Scale Dataset for Real-World Face Forgery Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2001.03024/) (2020)
- [The Deepfake Detection Challenge (DFDC) Preview Dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1910.08854/) (2019)

## Built on by (most cited first, 26 of 26)

- [Orthogonal Subspace Decomposition for Generalizable AI-Generated Image Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.15633/) (2024)
- [Generalizing Deepfake Video Detection with Plug-and-Play: Video-Level Blending and Spatiotemporal Adapter Tuning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.17065/) (2024)
- [X2-DFD: A framework for eXplainable and eXtendable Deepfake Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.06126/) (2024)
- [FSFM: A Generalizable Face Security Foundation Model via Self-Supervised Facial Representation Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.12032/) (2024)
- [Deepfake Detection that Generalizes Across Benchmarks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.06248/) (2025)
- [FreqDebias: Towards Generalizable Deepfake Detection via Consistency-Driven Frequency Debiasing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.22412/) (2025)
- [TalkingHeadBench: A Multi-Modal Benchmark & Analysis of Talking-Head DeepFake Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.24866/) (2025)
- [Unlocking the Hidden Potential of CLIP in Generalizable Deepfake Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.19683/) (2025)
- [Vulnerability-Aware Spatio-Temporal Learning for Generalizable Deepfake Video Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.01184/) (2025)
- [DeepShield: Fortifying Deepfake Video Detection with Local and Global Forgery Analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.25237/) (2025)
- [CAD: A General Multimodal Framework for Video Deepfake Detection via Cross-Modal Alignment and Distillation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.15233/) (2025)
- [WMamba: Wavelet-based Mamba for Face Forgery Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.09617/) (2025)
- [Pindrop it! Audio and Visual Deepfake Countermeasures for Robust Detection and Fine Grained-Localization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.08141/) (2025)
- [Next-Frame Feature Prediction for Multimodal Deepfake Detection and Temporal Localization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.10212/) (2025)
- [CMTA: Leveraging Cross-Modal Temporal Artifacts for Generalizable AI-Generated Video Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.00630/) (2026)
- [SELFI: Selective Fusion of Identity for Generalizable Deepfake Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.17592/) (2025)
- [FakeRadar: Probing Forgery Outliers to Detect Unknown Deepfake Videos](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.14601/) (2025)
- [LOGER: Local--Global Ensemble for Robust Deepfake Detection in the Wild](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.03558/) (2026)
- [SphereVideo: Prototype-anchored Hyperspherical Boundary for Continual AI-generated Video Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.01334/) (2026)
- [Robustness in AI-Generated Detection: Enhancing Resistance to Adversarial Attacks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.03435/) (2025)
- [DiffusionFF: A Diffusion-based Framework for Joint Face Forgery Detection and Fine-Grained Artifact Localization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.01873/) (2025)
- [LAKAN: Landmark-assisted Adaptive Kolmogorov-Arnold Network for Face Forgery Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.00634/) (2025)
- [Deepfake Detection Generalization with Diffusion Noise](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.14570/) (2026)
- [Exposing and Mitigating Temporal Attack in Deepfake Video Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.07398/) (2026)
- [Deepfake Detection in Social Media: A Temporal Artifact Analysis Using 3D Convolutional Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.17573/) (2026)
- [SGF-CDNet: A Consistency-Discrepancy Graph Network over Semantic-Geometric Fused Nodes for Face Forgery Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.03883/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Face Forgery videos have elicited critical social public concerns and various detectors have been proposed. However, fully-supervised detectors may lead to easily overfitting to specific forgery methods or videos, and existing self-supervised detectors are strict on auxiliary tasks, such as requiring audio or multi-modalities, leading to limited generalization and robustness. In this paper, we examine whether we can address this issue by leveraging visual-only real face videos. To this end, we propose to learn the Natural Consistency representation (NACO) of real face videos in a self-supervised manner, which is inspired by the observation that fake videos struggle to maintain the natural spatiotemporal consistency even under unknown forgery methods and different perturbations. Our NACO first extracts spatial features of each frame by CNNs then integrates them into Transformer to learn the long-range spatiotemporal representation, leveraging the advantages of CNNs and Transformer on local spatial receptive field and long-term memory respectively. Furthermore, a Spatial Predictive Module~(SPM) and a Temporal Contrastive Module~(TCM) are introduced to enhance the natural consistency representation learning. The SPM aims to predict random masked spatial features from spatiotemporal representation, and the TCM regularizes the latent distance of spatiotemporal representation by shuffling the natural order to disturb the consistency, which could both force our NACO more sensitive to the natural spatiotemporal consistency. After the representation learning stage, a MLP head is fine-tuned to perform the usual forgery video classification task. Extensive experiments show that our method outperforms other state-of-the-art competitors with impressive generalization and robustness.