# Bridging Dictionary: AI-Generated Dictionary of Partisan Language Use

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.09661 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.09661/

## Key facts

- Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 10 of its 24 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 12 Jul 2024.

## Builds on (most cited first, 10 of 10)

- [UMAP: Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection for Dimension Reduction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1802.03426/) (2018)
- [Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Large Language Models: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.10997/) (2023)
- [BERTopic: Neural topic modeling with a class-based TF-IDF procedure](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.05794/) (2022)
- [Supporting Qualitative Analysis with Large Language Models: Combining Codebook with GPT-3 for Deductive Coding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.10548/) (2023)
- [Mitigating Political Bias in Language Models Through Reinforced Calibration](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.14795/) (2021)
- [LLM-Assisted Content Analysis: Using Large Language Models to Support Deductive Coding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.14924/) (2023)
- [CommunityLM: Probing Partisan Worldviews from Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.07065/) (2022)
- [Supporting Sensemaking of Large Language Model Outputs at Scale](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.13726/) (2024)
- [We Don't Speak the Same Language: Interpreting Polarization through Machine Translation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.02339/) (2020)
- [Are "Undocumented Workers" the Same as "Illegal Aliens"? Disentangling Denotation and Connotation in Vector Spaces](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2010.02976/) (2020)

## Built on by (most cited first, 3 of 3)

- [Human-AI Narrative Synthesis to Foster Shared Understanding in Civic Decision-Making](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.19643/) (2025)
- [Geospatial AI, Dataverse Metadata, and the Study of Place-Based Government](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.11674/) (2026)
- [Making Political Text Scaling Comparable: Infrastructure and Hyperparameter Sensitivity for 17 Algorithms](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.17602/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Words often carry different meanings for people from diverse backgrounds. Today's era of social polarization demands that we choose words carefully to prevent miscommunication, especially in political communication and journalism. To address this issue, we introduce the Bridging Dictionary, an interactive tool designed to illuminate how words are perceived by people with different political views. The Bridging Dictionary includes a static, printable document featuring 796 terms with summaries generated by a large language model. These summaries highlight how the terms are used distinctively by Republicans and Democrats. Additionally, the Bridging Dictionary offers an interactive interface that lets users explore selected words, visualizing their frequency, sentiment, summaries, and examples across political divides. We present a use case for journalists and emphasize the importance of human agency and trust in further enhancing this tool. The deployed version of Bridging Dictionary is available at https://dictionary.ccc-mit.org/.