# CamFreeDiff: Camera-free Image to Panorama Generation with Diffusion Model

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.07174 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.07174/

## Key facts

- Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Placed in 3D, point cloud and scene generation, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models.
- Builds on 33 of its 36 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 9 Jul 2024.

## Placed in

- Diffusion models / [3D, point cloud and scene generation](https://mlsanity.com/diffusion/3d-point-cloud-and-scene-generation/)

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 33)

- [Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.00020/) (2021)
- [Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.11239/) (2020)
- [High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.10752/) (2021)
- [Hierarchical Text-Conditional Image Generation with CLIP Latents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.06125/) (2022)
- [Photorealistic Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with Deep Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.11487/) (2022)
- [BLIP-2: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training with Frozen Image Encoders and Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.12597/) (2023)
- [Generative Adversarial Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.00667/) (2022)
- [Zero-Shot Text-to-Image Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.12092/) (2021)
- [Improved Techniques for Training GANs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1606.03498/) (2016)
- [Zero-1-to-3: Zero-shot One Image to 3D Object](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.11328/) (2023)
- [Matterport3D: Learning from RGB-D Data in Indoor Environments](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1709.06158/) (2017)
- [Sigmoid-Weighted Linear Units for Neural Network Function Approximation in Reinforcement Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1702.03118/) (2017)
- [MVDream: Multi-view Diffusion for 3D Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.16512/) (2023)
- [Conditional Image Generation with PixelCNN Decoders](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1606.05328/) (2016)
- [Generative Adversarial Text to Image Synthesis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1605.05396/) (2016)
- [Wonder3D: Single Image to 3D using Cross-Domain Diffusion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.15008/) (2023)
- [SyncDreamer: Generating Multiview-consistent Images from a Single-view Image](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.03453/) (2023)
- [Zero123++: a Single Image to Consistent Multi-view Diffusion Base Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.15110/) (2023)
- [Structured3D: A Large Photo-realistic Dataset for Structured 3D Modeling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.00222/) (2019)
- [ImageDream: Image-Prompt Multi-view Diffusion for 3D Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.02201/) (2023)
- [MVDiffusion: Enabling Holistic Multi-view Image Generation with Correspondence-Aware Diffusion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.01097/) (2023)
- [Pluralistic Image Completion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1903.04227/) (2019)
- [Deep Image Homography Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1606.03798/) (2016)
- [MVDiffusion++: A Dense High-resolution Multi-view Diffusion Model for Single or Sparse-view 3D Object Reconstruction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.12712/) (2024)
- [LDM3D: Latent Diffusion Model for 3D](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.10853/) (2023)
- [PanoDiffusion: 360-degree Panorama Outpainting via Diffusion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.03177/) (2023)
- [HDR Environment Map Estimation for Real-Time Augmented Reality](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2011.10687/) (2020)
- [Diverse Plausible 360-Degree Image Outpainting for Efficient 3DCG Background Creation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.14668/) (2022)
- [360-Degree Panorama Generation from Few Unregistered NFoV Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.14686/) (2023)
- [Bridging Global Context Interactions for High-Fidelity Image Completion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.00845/) (2021)

## Built on by (most cited first, 5 of 5)

- [Beyond the Frame: Generating 360 Panoramic Videos from Perspective Videos](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.07940/) (2025)
- [VideoPanda: Video Panoramic Diffusion with Multi-view Attention](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.11389/) (2025)
- [CamPVG: Camera-Controlled Panoramic Video Generation with Epipolar-Aware Diffusion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.19979/) (2025)
- [GaMO: Geometry-aware Multi-view Diffusion Outpainting for Sparse-View 3D Reconstruction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.25073/) (2025)
- [MoVerse: Real-Time Video World Modeling with Panoramic Gaussian Scaffold](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.13376/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

This paper introduces Camera-free Diffusion (CamFreeDiff) model for 360-degree image outpainting from a single camera-free image and text description. This method distinguishes itself from existing strategies, such as MVDiffusion, by eliminating the requirement for predefined camera poses. Instead, our model incorporates a mechanism for predicting homography directly within the multi-view diffusion framework. The core of our approach is to formulate camera estimation by predicting the homography transformation from the input view to a predefined canonical view. The homography provides point-level correspondences between the input image and targeting panoramic images, allowing connections enforced by correspondence-aware attention in a fully differentiable manner. Qualitative and quantitative experimental results demonstrate our model's strong robustness and generalization ability for 360-degree image outpainting in the challenging context of camera-free inputs.