# Debate-to-Write: A Persona-Driven Multi-Agent Framework for Diverse Argument Generation

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.19643 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.19643/

## Key facts

- Cited by 29 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Placed in Social simulation and multi-agent debate, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use.
- Builds on 26 of its 42 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 28 Jun 2024.

## Placed in

- LLM agents and tool use / [Social simulation and multi-agent debate](https://mlsanity.com/agents/social-simulation-and-multi-agent-debate/)

## Builds on (most cited first, 26 of 26)

- [GPT-4 Technical Report](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.08774/) (2023)
- [Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.02155/) (2022)
- [Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.09288/) (2023)
- [Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arena](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.05685/) (2023)
- [Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.12712/) (2023)
- [Improving Factuality and Reasoning in Language Models through Multiagent Debate](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.14325/) (2023)
- [Encouraging Divergent Thinking in Large Language Models through Multi-Agent Debate](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.19118/) (2023)
- [Texygen: A Benchmarking Platform for Text Generation Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1802.01886/) (2018)
- [Evaluation of Text Generation: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2006.14799/) (2020)
- [Unleashing the Emergent Cognitive Synergy in Large Language Models: A Task-Solving Agent through Multi-Persona Self-Collaboration](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.05300/) (2023)
- [Re3: Generating Longer Stories With Recursive Reprompting and Revision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.06774/) (2022)
- [Does Writing with Language Models Reduce Content Diversity?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.05196/) (2023)
- [ExpertPrompting: Instructing Large Language Models to be Distinguished Experts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.14688/) (2023)
- [PRD: Peer Rank and Discussion Improve Large Language Model based Evaluations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.02762/) (2023)
- [Value Kaleidoscope: Engaging AI with Pluralistic Human Values, Rights, and Duties](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.00779/) (2023)
- [Content Planning for Neural Story Generation with Aristotelian Rescoring](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2009.09870/) (2020)
- [RecurrentGPT: Interactive Generation of (Arbitrarily) Long Text](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.13304/) (2023)
- [Can LLMs Produce Faithful Explanations For Fact-checking? Towards Faithful Explainable Fact-Checking via Multi-Agent Debate](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.07401/) (2024)
- [Argument Generation with Retrieval, Planning, and Realization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1906.03717/) (2019)
- [Neural Argument Generation Augmented with Externally Retrieved Evidence](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1805.10254/) (2018)
- [PLANET: Dynamic Content Planning in Autoregressive Transformers for Long-form Text Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.09100/) (2022)
- [CMAT: A Multi-Agent Collaboration Tuning Framework for Enhancing Small Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.01663/) (2024)
- [Eliminating Reasoning via Inferring with Planning: A New Framework to Guide LLMs' Non-linear Thinking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.12342/) (2023)
- [AMERICANO: Argument Generation with Discourse-driven Decomposition and Agent Interaction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.20352/) (2023)
- [Controllable Dialogue Generation with Disentangled Multi-grained Style Specification and Attribute Consistency Reward](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.06717/) (2021)
- [MOCHA: A Multi-Task Training Approach for Coherent Text Generation from Cognitive Perspective](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.14650/) (2022)

## Built on by (most cited first, 29 of 29)

- [LLM Agents for Education: Advances and Applications](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.11733/) (2025)
- [The Homogenizing Effect of Large Language Models on Human Expression and Thought](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.01491/) (2025)
- [Synthetic Socratic Debates: Examining Persona Effects on Moral Decision and Persuasion Dynamics](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.12657/) (2025)
- [A Cognitive Writing Perspective for Constrained Long-Form Text Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.12568/) (2025)
- [ToMAP: Training Opponent-Aware LLM Persuaders with Theory of Mind](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.22961/) (2025)
- [CortexDebate: Debating Sparsely and Equally for Multi-Agent Debate](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.03928/) (2025)
- [A Review of Incorporating Psychological Theories in LLMs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.00003/) (2025)
- [DEBATE: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Evaluating Opinion Dynamics in Role-Playing LLM Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.25110/) (2025)
- [Turning Conversations into Workflows: A Framework to Extract and Evaluate Dialog Workflows for Service AI Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.17321/) (2025)
- [DRPG (Decompose, Retrieve, Plan, Generate): An Agentic Framework for Academic Rebuttal](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.18081/) (2026)
- [Courtroom-Style Multi-Agent Debate with Progressive RAG and Role-Switching for Controversial Claim Verification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.28488/) (2026)
- [EquiMem: Calibrating Shared Memory in Multi-Agent Debate via Game-Theoretic Equilibrium](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.09278/) (2026)
- [Multi-Agent Debate Strategies: Survey, Taxonomy, and Challenges](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.26212/) (2026)
- [Plug-and-Play Dramaturge: A Divide-and-Conquer Approach for Iterative Narrative Script Refinement via Collaborative LLM Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.05188/) (2025)
- [LLM Agents for Deliberative Collaboration: A Study on Joint Decision Making Under Partial Observability](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.06157/) (2026)
- [The High Cost of Incivility: Quantifying Interaction Inefficiency via Multi-Agent Monte Carlo Simulations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.08345/) (2025)
- [DALDALL: Data Augmentation for Lexical and Semantic Diverse in Legal Domain by leveraging LLM-Persona](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.22765/) (2026)
- [Structuring the Space of Perspectives](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.12113/) (2026)
- [Creative Generation via Multi-Agent Debate: Does Debate Suppress Diversity?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.00683/) (2026)
- [From Ground Trust to Truth: Disparities in Offensive Language Judgments on Contemporary Korean Political Discourse](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.14712/) (2025)
- [CLEAR: A Comprehensive Linguistic Evaluation of Argument Rewriting by Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.15027/) (2025)
- [MIND: Multi-agent inference for negotiation dialogue in travel planning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.21696/) (2026)
- [Beyond Inefficiency: Systemic Costs of Incivility in Multi-Agent Monte Carlo Simulations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.11789/) (2026)
- [A Stepwise Questioning Expert-Editor Multi-Agent Framework for Long-Document Summarization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.10390/) (2026)
- [More Is Not More: What Matters for Diversity in LLM Opinions?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.20429/) (2026)
- [Towards High-Level Semantic Intelligence](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.24082/) (2026)
- [ARGUS: Theory-of-Mind Guided Argument Generation with Strategy-Aware Planning and Knowledge Grounding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.20405/) (2026)
- [PTCG: Persona-guided Tree-based Counterargument Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.07120/) (2026)
- [DocuTeam: Mixed-Initiative Multi-Agent Discussions around Evolving Documents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.29309/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Writing persuasive arguments is a challenging task for both humans and machines. It entails incorporating high-level beliefs from various perspectives on the topic, along with deliberate reasoning and planning to construct a coherent narrative. Current language models often generate surface tokens autoregressively, lacking explicit integration of these underlying controls, resulting in limited output diversity and coherence. In this work, we propose a persona-based multi-agent framework for argument writing. Inspired by the human debate, we first assign each agent a persona representing its high-level beliefs from a unique perspective, and then design an agent interaction process so that the agents can collaboratively debate and discuss the idea to form an overall plan for argument writing. Such debate process enables fluid and nonlinear development of ideas. We evaluate our framework on argumentative essay writing. The results show that our framework can generate more diverse and persuasive arguments through both automatic and human evaluations.