# Towards Supporting Legal Argumentation with NLP: Is More Data Really All You Need?

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.10974 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.10974/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 41 of its 176 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 16 Jun 2024.

## Builds on (most cited first, 30 of 41)

- [LexGLUE: A Benchmark Dataset for Legal Language Understanding in English](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.00976/) (2021)
- [Neural Legal Judgment Prediction in English](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1906.02059/) (2019)
- [When Does Pretraining Help? Assessing Self-Supervised Learning for Law and the CaseHOLD Dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.08671/) (2021)
- [How Does NLP Benefit Legal System: A Summary of Legal Artificial Intelligence](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.12158/) (2020)
- [Lawformer: A Pre-trained Language Model for Chinese Legal Long Documents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.03887/) (2021)
- [Do Language Models Have Beliefs? Methods for Detecting, Updating, and Visualizing Model Beliefs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.13654/) (2021)
- [ILDC for CJPE: Indian Legal Documents Corpus for Court Judgment Prediction and Explanation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.13562/) (2021)
- [Paragraph-level Rationale Extraction through Regularization: A case study on European Court of Human Rights Cases](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.13084/) (2021)
- [Learning to Predict Charges for Criminal Cases with Legal Basis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1707.09168/) (2017)
- [Swiss-Judgment-Prediction: A Multilingual Legal Judgment Prediction Benchmark](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.00806/) (2021)
- [MultiLegalPile: A 689GB Multilingual Legal Corpus](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.02069/) (2023)
- [Legal Prompt Engineering for Multilingual Legal Judgement Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.02199/) (2022)
- [LeXFiles and LegalLAMA: Facilitating English Multinational Legal Language Model Development](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.07507/) (2023)
- [Legal Judgment Prediction via Multi-Perspective Bi-Feedback Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1905.03969/) (2019)
- [FairLex: A Multilingual Benchmark for Evaluating Fairness in Legal Text Processing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.07228/) (2022)
- [A Multi-Task Benchmark for Korean Legal Language Understanding and Judgement Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.05224/) (2022)
- [Natural Language Processing in the Legal Domain](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.12039/) (2023)
- [Legal Syllogism Prompting: Teaching Large Language Models for Legal Judgment Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.08321/) (2023)
- [Mining Legal Arguments in Court Decisions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.06178/) (2022)
- [ChatGPT may Pass the Bar Exam soon, but has a Long Way to Go for the LexGLUE benchmark](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.12202/) (2023)
- [Exploring the Use of Text Classification in the Legal Domain](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1710.09306/) (2017)
- [Predicting the Law Area and Decisions of French Supreme Court Cases](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1708.01681/) (2017)
- [A Comprehensive Evaluation of Large Language Models on Legal Judgment Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.11761/) (2023)
- [Legal Judgment Prediction with Multi-Stage CaseRepresentation Learning in the Real Court Setting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.05192/) (2021)
- [Deconfounding Legal Judgment Prediction for European Court of Human Rights Cases Towards Better Alignment with Experts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.13836/) (2022)
- [Factoring Statutory Reasoning as Language Understanding Challenges](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.07903/) (2021)
- [On the Role of Negative Precedent in Legal Outcome Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.08225/) (2022)
- [JuriBERT: A Masked-Language Model Adaptation for French Legal Text](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.01485/) (2021)
- [Zero-shot Transfer of Article-aware Legal Outcome Classification for European Court of Human Rights Cases](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.00609/) (2023)
- [From Dissonance to Insights: Dissecting Disagreements in Rationale Construction for Case Outcome Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.11878/) (2023)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Modeling legal reasoning and argumentation justifying decisions in cases has always been central to AI & Law, yet contemporary developments in legal NLP have increasingly focused on statistically classifying legal conclusions from text. While conceptually simpler, these approaches often fall short in providing usable justifications connecting to appropriate legal concepts. This paper reviews both traditional symbolic works in AI & Law and recent advances in legal NLP, and distills possibilities of integrating expert-informed knowledge to strike a balance between scalability and explanation in symbolic vs. data-driven approaches. We identify open challenges and discuss the potential of modern NLP models and methods that integrate