# GUI-World: A Video Benchmark and Dataset for Multimodal GUI-oriented Understanding

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.10819 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.10819/

## Key facts

- Cited by 43 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Placed in Embodied and 3D vision-language models, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models.
- First posted on arXiv 16 Jun 2024.

## Placed in

- Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models / [Embodied and 3D vision-language models](https://mlsanity.com/mllm/embodied-and-3d-vision-language-models/)

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 43)

- [Expanding Performance Boundaries of Open-Source Multimodal Models with Model, Data, and Test-Time Scaling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.05271/) (2024)
- [UI-TARS: Pioneering Automated GUI Interaction with Native Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.12326/) (2025)
- [Justice or Prejudice? Quantifying Biases in LLM-as-a-Judge](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.02736/) (2024)
- [Agent-as-a-Judge: Evaluate Agents with Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.10934/) (2024)
- [Large Language Model-Brained GUI Agents: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.18279/) (2024)
- [On-Device Language Models: A Comprehensive Review](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.00088/) (2024)
- [Perception, Reason, Think, and Plan: A Survey on Large Multimodal Reasoning Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.04921/) (2025)
- [Ferret-UI 2: Mastering Universal User Interface Understanding Across Platforms](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.18967/) (2024)
- [OSCAR: Operating System Control via State-Aware Reasoning and Re-Planning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.18963/) (2024)
- [A Comprehensive Survey of Agents for Computer Use: Foundations, Challenges, and Future Directions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.16150/) (2025)
- [A Survey on the Safety and Security Threats of Computer-Using Agents: JARVIS or Ultron?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.10924/) (2025)
- [A Survey on Agentic Multimodal Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.10991/) (2025)
- [AutoBench-V: Can Large Vision-Language Models Benchmark Themselves?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.21259/) (2024)
- [Large language models for artificial general intelligence (AGI): A survey of foundational principles and approaches](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.03151/) (2025)
- [MobileWorldBench: Towards Semantic World Modeling For Mobile Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.14014/) (2025)
- [ProAgentBench: Evaluating LLM Agents for Proactive Assistance with Real-World Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.04482/) (2026)
- [GUI-ReWalk: Massive Data Generation for GUI Agent via Stochastic Exploration and Intent-Aware Reasoning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.15738/) (2025)
- [Seeing is Coding: On the Effectiveness of Vision Language Models in Code Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.01785/) (2026)
- [UI-Voyager: A Self-Evolving GUI Agent Learning via Failed Experience](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.24533/) (2026)
- [1+1>2: Can Large Language Models Serve as Cross-Lingual Knowledge Aggregators?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.14721/) (2024)
- [UPME: An Unsupervised Peer Review Framework for Multimodal Large Language Model Evaluation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.14941/) (2025)
- [Benchmarking Vision, Language, & Action Models in Procedurally Generated, Open Ended Action Environments](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.05540/) (2025)
- [Using GUI Agent for Electronic Design Automation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.11611/) (2025)
- [MobileBench-OL: A Comprehensive Chinese Benchmark for Evaluating Mobile GUI Agents in Real-World Environment](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.20335/) (2026)
- [CUA-Suite: Massive Human-annotated Video Demonstrations for Computer-Use Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.24440/) (2026)
- [One Token per Highly Selective Frame: Towards Extreme Compression for Long Video Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.14149/) (2026)
- [Cambrian-P: Pose-Grounded Video Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.22819/) (2026)
- [D2E: Scaling Vision-Action Pretraining on Desktop Data for Transfer to Embodied AI](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.05684/) (2025)
- [GUIDE: Resolving Domain Bias in GUI Agents through Real-Time Web Video Retrieval and Plug-and-Play Annotation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.26266/) (2026)
- [Agentic Tool Use in Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.00835/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Recently, Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have been used as agents to control keyboard and mouse inputs by directly perceiving the Graphical User Interface (GUI) and generating corresponding commands. However, current agents primarily demonstrate strong understanding capabilities in static environments and are mainly applied to relatively simple domains, such as Web or mobile interfaces. We argue that a robust GUI agent should be capable of perceiving temporal information on the GUI, including dynamic Web content and multi-step tasks. Additionally, it should possess a comprehensive understanding of various GUI scenarios, including desktop software and multi-window interactions. To this end, this paper introduces a new dataset, termed GUI-World, which features meticulously crafted Human-MLLM annotations, extensively covering six GUI scenarios and eight types of GUI-oriented questions in three formats. We evaluate the capabilities of current state-of-the-art MLLMs, including Image LLMs and Video LLMs, in understanding various types of GUI content, especially dynamic and sequential content. Our findings reveal that current models struggle with dynamic GUI content without manually annotated keyframes or operation history. On the other hand, Video LLMs fall short in all GUI-oriented tasks given the sparse GUI video dataset. Therefore, we take the initial step of leveraging a fine-tuned Video LLM, GUI-Vid, as a GUI-oriented assistant, demonstrating an improved understanding of various GUI tasks. However, due to the limitations in the performance of base LLMs, we conclude that using video LLMs as GUI agents remains a significant challenge. We believe our work provides valuable insights for future research in dynamic GUI content understanding. All the dataset and code are publicly available at: https://gui-world.github.io.