# MIMO with 1-bit Pre/Post-Coding Resolution: A Quantum Annealing Approach

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.04708 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.04708/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 7 Jun 2024.

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Practical Quantum CIM Empowerment via All-Domestic-Core Agentic Large Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.23934/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

In this paper, we study the problem of digital pre/post-coding design in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with 1-bit resolution per complex dimension. The optimal solution that maximizes the received signal-to-noise ratio relies on an NP-hard combinatorial problem that requires exhaustive searching with exponential complexity. By using the principles of alternating optimization and quantum annealing (QA), an iterative QA-based algorithm is proposed that achieves near-optimal performance with polynomial complexity. The algorithm is associated with a rigorous mathematical framework that casts the pre/post-coding vector design to appropriate real-valued quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) problems. Experimental results in a state-of-the-art D-WAVE QA device validate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm. To further improve the efficiency of the D-WAVE quantum device, a new pre-processing technique which preserves the quadratic QUBO matrix from the detrimental effects of the Hamiltonian noise through non-linear companding, is proposed. The proposed pre-processing technique significantly improves the quality of the D-WAVE solutions as well as the occurrence probability of the optimal solution.