# Legal Judgment Reimagined: PredEx and the Rise of Intelligent AI Interpretation in Indian Courts

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.04136 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.04136/

## Key facts

- Cited by 15 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 19 of its 32 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 6 Jun 2024.

## Builds on (most cited first, 19 of 19)

- [Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1412.6980/) (2014)
- [RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.11692/) (2019)
- [Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.09288/) (2023)
- [BERTScore: Evaluating Text Generation with BERT](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.09675/) (2019)
- [XLNet: Generalized Autoregressive Pretraining for Language Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1906.08237/) (2019)
- [Neural Legal Judgment Prediction in English](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1906.02059/) (2019)
- [CAIL2018: A Large-Scale Legal Dataset for Judgment Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1807.02478/) (2018)
- [Fill in the BLANC: Human-free quality estimation of document summaries](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2002.09836/) (2020)
- [ILDC for CJPE: Indian Legal Documents Corpus for Court Judgment Prediction and Explanation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.13562/) (2021)
- [Paragraph-level Rationale Extraction through Regularization: A case study on European Court of Human Rights Cases](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.13084/) (2021)
- [Can GPT-3 Perform Statutory Reasoning?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.06100/) (2023)
- [Distinguish Confusing Law Articles for Legal Judgment Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.02557/) (2020)
- [Swiss-Judgment-Prediction: A Multilingual Legal Judgment Prediction Benchmark](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.00806/) (2021)
- [Legal Judgment Prediction via Multi-Perspective Bi-Feedback Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1905.03969/) (2019)
- [Pre-trained Language Models for the Legal Domain: A Case Study on Indian Law](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.06049/) (2022)
- [Exploring the Use of Text Classification in the Legal Domain](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1710.09306/) (2017)
- [Charge-Based Prison Term Prediction with Deep Gating Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.11521/) (2019)
- [Automatic Judgment Prediction via Legal Reading Comprehension](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1809.06537/) (2018)
- [SemEval 2023 Task 6: LegalEval - Understanding Legal Texts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.09548/) (2023)

## Built on by (most cited first, 15 of 15)

- [LegalSeg: Unlocking the Structure of Indian Legal Judgments Through Rhetorical Role Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.05836/) (2025)
- [NyayaRAG: Realistic Legal Judgment Prediction with RAG under the Indian Common Law System](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.00709/) (2025)
- [NyayaAnumana & INLegalLlama: The Largest Indian Legal Judgment Prediction Dataset and Specialized Language Model for Enhanced Decision Analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.08385/) (2024)
- [AnnoCaseLaw: A Richly-Annotated Dataset For Benchmarking Explainable Legal Judgment Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.00128/) (2025)
- [Can Large Language Models Predict the Outcome of Judicial Decisions?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.09768/) (2025)
- [MARRO: Multi-headed Attention for Rhetorical Role Labeling in Legal Documents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.10659/) (2025)
- [TathyaNyaya and FactLegalLlama: Advancing Factual Judgment Prediction and Explanation in the Indian Legal Context](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.04737/) (2025)
- [Structured Legal Document Generation in India: A Model-Agnostic Wrapper Approach with VidhikDastaavej](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.03486/) (2025)
- [Structured Definitions and Segmentations for Legal Reasoning in LLMs: A Study on Indian Legal Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.20669/) (2025)
- [ReGal: A First Look at PPO-based Legal AI for Judgment Prediction and Summarization in India](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.18014/) (2025)
- [Vichara: Appellate Judgment Prediction and Explanation for the Indian Judicial System](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.18346/) (2026)
- [NyayaMind- A Framework for Transparent Legal Reasoning and Judgment Prediction in the Indian Legal System](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.09069/) (2026)
- [RTI-Bench: A Structured Dataset for Indian Right-to-Information Decision Analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.16843/) (2026)
- [AILQA: Evaluating AI-Driven Legal Question Answering Systems for the Indian Legal System](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.18825/) (2026)
- [How Much is a Human Right Worth? ECtHR-NPD: A Benchmark for Predicting Non-Pecuniary Damage Awards](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.18908/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

In the era of Large Language Models (LLMs), predicting judicial outcomes poses significant challenges due to the complexity of legal proceedings and the scarcity of expert-annotated datasets. Addressing this, we introduce Prediction with Explanation (textttPredEx), the largest expert-annotated dataset for legal judgment prediction and explanation in the Indian context, featuring over 15,000 annotations. This groundbreaking corpus significantly enhances the training and evaluation of AI models in legal analysis, with innovations including the application of instruction tuning to LLMs. This method has markedly improved the predictive accuracy and explanatory depth of these models for legal judgments. We employed various transformer-based models, tailored for both general and Indian legal contexts. Through rigorous lexical, semantic, and expert assessments, our models effectively leverage textttPredEx to provide precise predictions and meaningful explanations, establishing it as a valuable benchmark for both the legal profession and the NLP community.