# CharacterGPT: A Persona Reconstruction Framework for Role-Playing Agents

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.19778 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.19778/

## Key facts

- Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Placed in Social simulation and multi-agent debate, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use.
- Builds on 20 of its 45 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 30 May 2024.

## Placed in

- LLM agents and tool use / [Social simulation and multi-agent debate](https://mlsanity.com/agents/social-simulation-and-multi-agent-debate/)

## Builds on (most cited first, 20 of 20)

- [Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arena](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.05685/) (2023)
- [Generative Agents: Interactive Simulacra of Human Behavior](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.03442/) (2023)
- [G-Eval: NLG Evaluation using GPT-4 with Better Human Alignment](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.16634/) (2023)
- [CAMEL: Communicative Agents for "Mind" Exploration of Large Language Model Society](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.17760/) (2023)
- [Can Large Language Models Be an Alternative to Human Evaluations?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.01937/) (2023)
- [LaMP: When Large Language Models Meet Personalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.11406/) (2023)
- [Better Zero-Shot Reasoning with Role-Play Prompting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.07702/) (2023)
- [InCharacter: Evaluating Personality Fidelity in Role-Playing Agents through Psychological Interviews](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.17976/) (2023)
- [The Perils of Using Mechanical Turk to Evaluate Open-Ended Text Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.06835/) (2021)
- [Large Language Models and Games: A Survey and Roadmap](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.18659/) (2024)
- [Conversational Health Agents: A Personalized LLM-Powered Agent Framework](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.02374/) (2023)
- [Multi-Party Chat: Conversational Agents in Group Settings with Humans and Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.13835/) (2023)
- [Evaluation Metrics in the Era of GPT-4: Reliably Evaluating Large Language Models on Sequence to Sequence Tasks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.13800/) (2023)
- [Automatic Story Generation: Challenges and Attempts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.12634/) (2021)
- [Personality Understanding of Fictional Characters during Book Reading](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.10156/) (2023)
- [Personalizing a Dialogue System with Transfer Reinforcement Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1610.02891/) (2016)
- [GROVE: A Retrieval-augmented Complex Story Generation Framework with A Forest of Evidence](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.05388/) (2023)
- [Supporting Student Decisions on Learning Recommendations: An LLM-Based Chatbot with Knowledge Graph Contextualization for Conversational Explainability and Mentoring](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.08517/) (2024)
- [OpineBot: Class Feedback Reimagined Using a Conversational LLM](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.15589/) (2024)
- [Understanding Actors and Evaluating Personae with Gaussian Embeddings](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1804.04164/) (2018)

## Built on by (most cited first, 10 of 10)

- [Consistently Simulating Human Personas with Multi-Turn Reinforcement Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.00222/) (2025)
- [A Character-Centric Creative Story Generation via Imagination](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.16667/) (2024)
- [Persistent Personas? Role-Playing, Instruction Following, and Safety in Extended Interactions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.12775/) (2025)
- [Catch Me If You Can? Not Yet: LLMs Still Struggle to Imitate the Implicit Writing Styles of Everyday Authors](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.14543/) (2025)
- [MatrAIx: Simulating the World with 8.3 Billion Persona Agents](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.04205/) (2026)
- [Dynamic Context Adaptation for Consistent Role-Playing Agents with Retrieval-Augmented Generations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.02016/) (2025)
- [ArcANE: Do Role-Playing Language Agents Stay in Character at the Right Time?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.05553/) (2026)
- [PHASE-Tree: Modeling Character-State Evolution in Long-Horizon Role-Playing Dialogue](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.06975/) (2026)
- [Doppelganger Method: Breaking Role Consistency in LLM Agent via Prompt-based Transferable Adversarial Attack](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.14539/) (2025)
- [Through the Lens of Character: Resolving Modality-Role Interference in Multimodal Role-Playing Agent](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.09443/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The recent introduction of the Assistants API highlights its potential for large language models (LLMs) in role-playing agents (RPA). However, maintaining consistent character personas remains a significant challenge due to variability in information extraction, which frequently omits critical elements such as backstory or interpersonal relationships. To address this limitation, we introduce CharacterGPT, a framework designed to dynamically reconstruct character personas through Character Persona Training (CPT). This approach incrementally updates personas by extracting traits from chapter-wise novel summaries, reflecting the progression of the narrative. Our framework is evaluated through Big Five personality evaluations and creative tasks, in which characters generate original narratives, demonstrating the efficacy of CharacterGPT in preserving persona consistency. The code and results are available at https://github.com/Jeiyoon/charactergpt