# Data-driven measures of high-frequency trading

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.08101 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.08101/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 13 May 2024.

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Minimal Batch Adaptive Learning Policy Engine for Real-Time Mid-Price Forecasting in High-Frequency Trading](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.19372/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Public data do not identify high-frequency trading (HFT), and standard proxies do not separate liquidity-supplying from liquidity-demanding strategies. We overcome this measurement challenge by training machine learning models on proprietary Nasdaq data to map observed HFT activity to public intraday variables. Applying this mapping, we generate daily measures of liquidity-supplying and liquidity-demanding HFT for all U.S. stocks from 2010 to 2023. The measures largely subsume standard proxies and capture time-series variation that those proxies miss. Using proprietary Euronext Paris data, we provide evidence that the approach generalizes across markets and remains predictive years after training. The 14-year panel lets us study HFT and market quality over time. Supply-side HFT is consistently associated with greater pre-announcement information acquisition, more informed trading, and lower bid-ask spreads, while demand-side HFT is associated with the opposite patterns. During COVID-19, HFT-supplied liquidity remained resilient and its association with lower spreads strengthened.