# A Comprehensive Tutorial and Survey of O-RAN: Exploring Slicing-aware Architecture, Deployment Options, Use Cases, and Challenges

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.03555 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.03555/

## Key facts

- Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 6 May 2024.

## Built on by (most cited first, 7 of 7)

- [AI-Native Open RAN for Non-Terrestrial Networks: An Overview](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.11935/) (2025)
- [Task Specific Sharpness Aware O-RAN Resource Management using Multi Agent Reinforcement Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.15002/) (2025)
- [Agentic AI-RAN: Enabling Intent-Driven, Explainable and Self-Evolving Open RAN Intelligence](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.24115/) (2026)
- [AI-Open-RAN for Non-Terrestrial Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.11947/) (2025)
- [Adversarial Attacks in AI-Driven RAN Slicing: SLA Violations and Recovery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.01049/) (2026)
- [Bridging the Cognitive Gap: A Unified Memory Paradigm for 6G Agentic AI-RAN](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.10036/) (2026)
- [Autonomy in Check: Governor-Mediated Adaptive Security at the Edge](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.18338/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Open-radio access network (O-RAN) seeks to establish the principles of openness, programmability, automation, intelligence, and hardware-software disaggregation with interoperable and standard-compliant interfaces. It advocates for multi-vendorism and multi-stakeholderism within a cloudified and virtualized wireless infrastructure, aimed at enhancing the deployment, operation, and management of RAN architecture. These enhancements promise increased flexibility, performance optimization, service innovation, energy efficiency, and cost effectiveness across fifth-generation (5G), sixth-generation (6G), and beyond networks. A silent feature of O-RAN architecture is its support for network slicing, which entails interaction with other domains of the cellular network, notably the transport network (TN) and the core network (CN), to realize end-to-end (E2E) network slicing. The study of this feature requires exploring the stances and contributions of diverse standards development organizations (SDOs). In this context, we note that despite the ongoing industrial deployments and standardization efforts, the research and standardization communities have yet to comprehensively address network slicing in O-RAN. To address this gap, this paper provides a comprehensive exploration of network slicing in O-RAN through an in-depth review of specification documents from O-RAN Alliance and research papers from leading industry and academic institutions. The paper commences with an overview of the relevant standardization and open source contributions, subsequently delving into the latest O-RAN architecture with an emphasis on its slicing aspects. Furthermore, the paper explores O-RAN deployment scenarios, examining options for the deployment and orchestration of RAN and TN slice subnets. It also discusses the slicing of the underlying infrastructure and provides an overview of various use cases related...