# RaffeSDG: Random Frequency Filtering enabled Single-source Domain Generalization for Medical Image Segmentation

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.01228 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.01228/

## Key facts

- Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 24 of its 40 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 2 May 2024.

## Builds on (most cited first, 24 of 24)

- [CutMix: Regularization Strategy to Train Strong Classifiers with Localizable Features](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1905.04899/) (2019)
- [CBAM: Convolutional Block Attention Module](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1807.06521/) (2018)
- [Arbitrary Style Transfer in Real-time with Adaptive Instance Normalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1703.06868/) (2017)
- [Improved Regularization of Convolutional Neural Networks with Cutout](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1708.04552/) (2017)
- [Domain Generalization: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.02503/) (2021)
- [FDA: Fourier Domain Adaptation for Semantic Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2004.05498/) (2020)
- [A Fourier-based Framework for Domain Generalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.11120/) (2021)
- [FedDG: Federated Domain Generalization on Medical Image Segmentation via Episodic Learning in Continuous Frequency Space](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.06030/) (2021)
- [Learning to Diversify for Single Domain Generalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.11726/) (2021)
- [FSDR: Frequency Space Domain Randomization for Domain Generalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.02370/) (2021)
- [Causality-inspired Single-source Domain Generalization for Medical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.12525/) (2021)
- [UTNet: A Hybrid Transformer Architecture for Medical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.00781/) (2021)
- [Semantic-Aware Domain Generalized Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.00822/) (2022)
- [Generalizable Cross-modality Medical Image Segmentation via Style Augmentation and Dual Normalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.11177/) (2021)
- [Rethinking Data Augmentation for Single-source Domain Generalization in Medical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.14805/) (2022)
- [Uncertainty-guided Model Generalization to Unseen Domains](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.07531/) (2021)
- [Attention Consistency on Visual Corruptions for Single-Source Domain Generalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.13091/) (2022)
- [Federated Domain Generalization: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.01334/) (2023)
- [Frequency-mixed Single-source Domain Generalization for Medical Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.09005/) (2023)
- [An Annotation-free Restoration Network for Cataractous Fundus Images](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.07737/) (2022)
- [Out-of-Domain Generalization from a Single Source: An Uncertainty Quantification Approach](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.02888/) (2021)
- [Contrastive Semi-supervised Learning for Domain Adaptive Segmentation Across Similar Anatomical Structures](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.08605/) (2022)
- [vMFNet: Compositionality Meets Domain-generalised Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.14538/) (2022)
- [Encouraging Intra-Class Diversity Through a Reverse Contrastive Loss for Better Single-Source Domain Generalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.07916/) (2021)

## Built on by (most cited first, 3 of 3)

- [Adaptive Wavelet Filters as Practical Texture Feature Amplifiers for Parkinson's Disease Screening in OCT](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.19292/) (2025)
- [Domain Generalization through Attenuation of Domain-Specific Information](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.06781/) (2025)
- [Federated Learning for Cross-Modality Medical Image Segmentation via Augmentation-Driven Generalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.20773/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Deep learning models often encounter challenges in making accurate inferences when there are domain shifts between the source and target data. This issue is particularly pronounced in clinical settings due to the scarcity of annotated data resulting from the professional and private nature of medical data. Although various cross-domain strategies have been explored, including frequency-based approaches that vary appearance while preserving semantics, many remain limited by data constraints and computational cost. To tackle domain shifts in data-scarce medical scenarios, we propose a Random frequency filtering enabled Single-source Domain Generalization algorithm (RaffeSDG), which promises robust out-of-domain inference with segmentation models trained on a single-source domain. A frequency filter-based data augmentation strategy is first proposed to promote domain variability within a single-source domain by introducing variations in frequency space and blending homologous samples. Then Gaussian filter-based structural saliency is also leveraged to learn robust representations across augmented samples, further facilitating the training of generalizable segmentation models. To validate the effectiveness of RaffeSDG, we conducted extensive experiments involving out-of-domain inference on segmentation tasks for three human tissues imaged by four diverse modalities. Through thorough investigations and comparisons, compelling evidence was observed in these experiments, demonstrating the potential and generalizability of RaffeSDG. The code is available at https://github.com/liamheng/Non-IID_Medical_Image_Segmentation.