# Beyond Gaze Points: Augmenting Eye Movement with Brainwave Data for Multimodal User Authentication in Extended Reality

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.18694 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.18694/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 29 Apr 2024.

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [Ocular Authentication: Fusion of Gaze and Periocular Modalities](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.17343/) (2025)
- [NeuroShield: A Device-Agnostic Foundation Model for EEG Authentication](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.20673/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Extended Reality (XR) technologies are becoming integral to daily life. However, password-based authentication in XR disrupts immersion due to poor usability, as entering credentials with XR controllers is cumbersome and error-prone. This leads users to choose weaker passwords, compromising security. To improve both usability and security, we introduce a multimodal biometric authentication system that combines eye movements and brainwave patterns using consumer-grade sensors that can be integrated into XR devices. Our prototype, developed and evaluated with 30 participants, achieves an Equal Error Rate (EER) of 0.29%, outperforming eye movement (1.82%) and brainwave (4.92%) modalities alone, as well as state-of-the-art biometric alternatives (EERs between 2.5% and 7%). Furthermore, this system enables seamless authentication through visual stimuli without complex interaction.