# OptiGrad: A Fair and more Efficient Price Elasticity Optimization via a Gradient Based Learning

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.10275 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.10275/

## Key facts

- No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- Builds on 17 of its 29 references that are in the map.
- First posted on arXiv 16 Apr 2024.

## Builds on (most cited first, 17 of 17)

- [Equality of Opportunity in Supervised Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1610.02413/) (2016)
- [Mitigating Unwanted Biases with Adversarial Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1801.07593/) (2018)
- [AI Fairness 360: An Extensible Toolkit for Detecting, Understanding, and Mitigating Unwanted Algorithmic Bias](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.01943/) (2018)
- [Fairness Under Unawareness: Assessing Disparity When Protected Class Is Unobserved](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1811.11154/) (2018)
- [Achieving Fairness through Adversarial Learning: an Application to Recidivism Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1807.00199/) (2018)
- [Learning to Pivot with Adversarial Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1611.01046/) (2016)
- [The Randomized Dependence Coefficient](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1304.7717/) (2013)
- [Learning Unbiased Representations via R'enyi Minimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2009.03183/) (2020)
- [Fairness in Multi-Task Learning via Wasserstein Barycenters](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.10155/) (2023)
- [Optimized Data Pre-Processing for Discrimination Prevention](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1704.03354/) (2017)
- [Optimization Beyond Prediction: Prescriptive Price Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/1605.05422/) (2016)
- [A Fair Pricing Model via Adversarial Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.12008/) (2022)
- [A Discussion of Discrimination and Fairness in Insurance Pricing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.00858/) (2022)
- [Insurance pricing on price comparison websites via reinforcement learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.06935/) (2023)
- [Customer Price Sensitivities in Competitive Automobile Insurance Markets](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.08551/) (2021)
- [Spatial Fairness: The Case for its Importance, Limitations of Existing Work, and Guidelines for Future Research](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.14040/) (2024)
- [Measuring and Mitigating Biases in Motor Insurance Pricing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.11900/) (2023)

## Abstract (arXiv)

This paper presents a novel approach to optimizing profit margins in non-life insurance markets through a gradient descent-based method, targeting three key objectives: 1) maximizing profit margins, 2) ensuring conversion rates, and 3) enforcing fairness criteria such as demographic parity (DP). Traditional pricing optimization, which heavily lean on linear and semi definite programming, encounter challenges in balancing profitability and fairness. These challenges become especially pronounced in situations that necessitate continuous rate adjustments and the incorporation of fairness criteria. Specifically, indirect Ratebook optimization, a widely-used method for new business price setting, relies on predictor models such as XGBoost or GLMs/GAMs to estimate on downstream individually optimized prices. However, this strategy is prone to sequential errors and struggles to effectively manage optimizations for continuous rate scenarios. In practice, to save time actuaries frequently opt for optimization within discrete intervals (e.g., range of [-20%, +20%] with fix increments) leading to approximate estimations. Moreover, to circumvent infeasible solutions they often use relaxed constraints leading to suboptimal pricing strategies. The reverse-engineered nature of traditional models complicates the enforcement of fairness and can lead to biased outcomes. Our method addresses these challenges by employing a direct optimization strategy in the continuous space of rates and by embedding fairness through an adversarial predictor model. This innovation not only reduces sequential errors and simplifies the complexities found in traditional models but also directly integrates fairness measures into the commercial premium calculation. We demonstrate improved margin performance and stronger enforcement of fairness highlighting the critical need to evolve existing pricing strategies.